基于新课标的高三地理精准复习探析——以“地球的运动”二轮专题复习为例

以"地球的运动"二轮复习为例,从精准复习的内涵和实施策略、要点的精准透析、活动的精准设计,以及为学生搭建互动学习平台等角度,阐述了高三地理阶段如何实施精准化复习。

利用几何精校正进行多尺度数字栅格地图配准

利用几何精校正的原理,对比分析了三种栅格地图的校正模型,提出了不同比例尺地图采用不同模型校正的思想,并以某比例尺地图为例,编程对比了三种模型的校正效果及误差,验证了思想的正确性和可行性。

精准地理应用驱动的高分遥感协同计算研究

高分遥感智能解译是实现地理信息精细生成与快速更新的重要途径,从基于遥感开展精准地理应用的背景出发,解析了遥感信息产品生产与落地应用中的局限性,阐释了遥感回归地理应用问题的必要性以及其中“精(形态)”“准(内容)”图谱特征耦合的关键性。以地理学指导智能遥感研究为基本认识,提出了基于精细地理场景开展高分辨率遥感地学分析的发展方向和技术思路,以及时空/星地两个层面相协同的智能计算模式,并以中国贵州省关岭县石漠化耕地评价为应用案例,利用分区分层感知/时空协同反演/多粒度决策3个基础模型,在复杂山地区开展精准应用驱动的高分遥感协同计算。结合实验结果,通过对不规则网格空间表达、时序特征多模态重建、多源不确定性解析以及不确定性引导的迭代优化等关键科学问题的探讨分析,给出面向未来的探索方向和研究思路,为地理学指导下的智能遥感研究以及遥感支撑的精准地理应用提出发展路径。

2007年高考宁夏文综地理试题精析

宁夏、广东、山东、海南是第一批进入新课改的省份，根据新的高考大纲，2007年高考倡导多样性和选择性，山东采用了3＋x＋1，其中1为考查学生用所学知识解决生活和社会实际问题的基本能力；海南采用了3＋3＋基础会考，即会考成绩按比例计入高考总分中；广东采用了3＋文综／理综＋x；宁夏则继续采用了3＋文综／理综方案。

大比例尺航测成图外业调绘应注意的问题

调绘是航测成图的一个重要工序，是制约航测成图地理精度的决定性环节。近年，随着全球定位系统（GPS）、惯性导航系统（INS）、精密单点定位（PPP）等国际尖端技术运用于大比例尺数码航空摄影，使航测成图的数学精度得以大大提高。但由于近年外业作业人员普遍以年轻人为主，外业经验缺乏，再加上工期紧等因素制约，调绘过程中往往出现一系列的问题，反应到数据编辑工序无法解决，导致成图的地理精度因之而下降。该文简要介绍了大比例尺航测成图外业调绘过容易出现的问题，并提出解决方法。调绘作业人员也只有避免了问题，掌握了复杂地区的调绘方法，才能使调绘质量得以保障，成图的地理精度才会逐步提高。

Fine Geological Radar Processing and Interpretation

Geological radar probing technology finds wide application in engineering projects. The high-precision characteristics of geologic radar should be studied in connection with fine processing and interpretation. This article discusses such issues as (1) geologic radar noise source and (2) fine processing and interpretation of radar data. It is focused on how to achieve fine processing and interpretation.

Situation and Development Tendency of Indoor Positioning

This paper introduces the significance of indoor positioning and analyzes the related problems. The latest research on indoor positioning is introduced. Further, the positioning accuracy and the cost of typical local and wide area indoor positioning systems are compared. The results of the comparison show that Time & Code Division-Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (TC-OFDM) is a system that can achieve real-time meter-accuracy of indoor positioning in a wide area. Finally, in this paper, we indicate that the seamless high-accuracy indoor positioning in a wide area is the development trend of indoor positioning. The seamless Location Based Services (LBS) architecture based on a heterogeneous network, key technologies in indoor positioning for decimeter-accuracy and seamless outdoor and indoor Geographic Information System (GIS) are elaborated as the most important research fields of future indoor positioning.

Establishment and Data Processing of High-Precision City Subsidence Monitoring Network by GPS Surveying Instead of Leveling

The feasibility of moni-toring the change of city settlementusing GPS surveying instead of level-ing is studied. A fiducial network anda monitoring network are establishedin Ningbo city. Two periods of GPSobservation are completed. Somemeasures are taken during the obser-vation in order to ensure to obtain thehigh-precise height component. TheSaastamoinen model is adopted in thedata processing of the dry componentpart of the tropospheric delay. Thewet component change of the tropo-spheric delay is estimated by stochasticprocesses model. When Bernese soft-ware is used to process the data, themillimeter level precision of heightmeasuring is achieved.

The formation evaluation tool and its application in offshore China

The Formation Evaluation Tool （FET） introduced in the paper represents a new generation of formation evaluation systems developed and manufactured by China Oilfield Services Limited （COSL）, CNOOC, using a FET technology transfer from Crocker Research, Australia. The system has been applied successfully in the Bohai Sea and South China Sea. For instance, a multilayered oil and water system has been confirmed with the aid of accurate formation pressure tests, even in very thin beds and edge water reservoirs, overcoming the difficulty of determining this kind of oil-water and gas-water contacts. Moreover, the FET pumping and real-time fluid monitoring function allows acquiring a true sample of formation fluid unpolluted by drilling mud which plays an important role in determining the fluid properties of the target stratum and analyzing the fluid component. The principles and purpose of the Formation Evaluation Tool （FET） will be briefly introduced and successful examples of the application of the technology will be described in detail in this paper.

Application of Integrated Seismic Data Processing and Interpretation to Subtle Reservoir Survey

Nowadays, it becomes very urgent to find remain oil under the oil shortage worldwide.However, most of simple reservoirs have been discovered and those undiscovered are mostly complex structural, stratigraphic and lithologic ones. Summarized in this paper is the integrated seismic processing/interpretation technique established on the basis of pre-stack AVO processing and interpretation.Information feedbacks occurred between the pre-stack and post-stack processes so as to improve the accuracy in utilization of data and avoid pitfalls in seismic attributes. Through the integration of seismic data with geologic data, parameters that were most essential to describing hydrocarbon characteristics were determined and comprehensively appraised, and regularities of reservoir generation and distribution were described so as to accurately appraise reservoirs, delineate favorite traps and pinpoint wells.

A MULTIDISCIPLINARY AND INTEGRATED STUDY OF RICE PRECISION FARMING

In terms of demands of rice farming in the southern China, the information processing system and the yield measurement system that is installed in combine harvester, are designed and completed. Now the systems have been used in demonstration site in the Experiment Base of Shanghai Precision Agriculture. Based on the idea of spatial-oriented, object-oriented, user-oriented, the Farm Geographic Information System for precision farming of rice was developed, which is characterized by intelligence and visualized. The Decision-making Management System is integrated with rice growth model, expert model for rice cultivation. The DGPS, RS, GIS and intelligence sensors and computer technique were adopted in building the artificial intelligence system for measuring grain yield that is installed in combine harvester, so the combine harvester could provide the grain yield distribution map real-timely. The environmental and economic assessment shows that the precision rice farming applied in the demonstration site will benefit the society, economy and ecology greatly.

Theoretical Error Analysis of the Accuracy of Focal Depth Determination of Near Earthquakes

Focal depth is one of the most difficult seismic parameters to determine accurately in seismology. The focal depths estimated by various methods are uncertain to a considerable degree, which affects the understanding of the source process. The influence of various factors on focal depth is non-linear. The influence of epicentral distance, arrival time residual and velocity model （crust model） on focal depth is analyzed based on travel time formula of near earthquakes in this paper. When wave propagation velocity is constant, the error of focal depth increases with the increase of epicentral distance or the distance to station and the travel time residual. When the travel time residual is constant, the error of focal depth increases with the increase of the epicentral distance and the velocity of seismic wave. The study also shows that the location error perhaps becomes bigger for shallower earthquakes when the velocity is known and the travel time residual is constant. The horizontal error caused by location accuracy increases with the increase of the epieentrai distance, the travel time residual and the velocity of seismic waves, thus the error of focal depth will increase with these factors. On the other hand, the errors of focal depth will lead to change of the origin time, therefore resultant outcomes will all change.

GIS-Supported Precision Agricultural Fertilization Management at Small Scale

Precision agricultural fertilization technique at small scale is the key for regional cultivated land protection and management. Taking Dingzhuang Town (located in Guangrao County, Shandong Province) as a case study, this article explores the precision agricultural fertilization technique at small scale. First, three main cropping systems are identified via field investigation, namely "wheat–maize–soybean", "garlic–maize" and "cotton". Then, application amount of fertilizer N, P and K under the three cropping systems is calculated on the parameters acquired through field experiment, using nutrient balance approach on the support of geographic information system technique. The results indicate that, precision agricultural fertilization technique at small scale take on different characteristics compared with that at larger scale. The spatial distribution of soil nutrients in Dingzhuang Town is out of equilibrium, and huge amount fertilizer is needed to satisfy local agricultural production. There is huge distinction of fertilizer ap- plication amount under different cropping systems. The demand of fertilizer amount under "wheat–maize–soybean" system is larger than that under "garlic–maize" and "cotton" systems. This study can provide theories and principles for regional precision agricul- tural fertilization management.

On the ＂good understanding＂ of the Scientific Spirit： The Use of Metaphors and Images in the Physical Sciences

In Bachelard＇s thought, the understanding ＂of the other＂ in scientific thought is given usually by means of empirical or rational discourse. However, it is not unusual to realize the emphasis of scientific thought as rationally justifiable. Certainly, the dynamics of scientific thought throughout history has not been indifferent to other possibilities of epistemological construction. We cannot escape the facts： Science needs linguistic devices to strengthen its principles and criteria for validation. The aim of this paper is to answer, based on a new conception of metaphor, under what conditions metaphor can be a ＂physical metaphor＂ and the extent to which the symbolism in general brings a special light gain of sense to the understanding of physical reality that surrounds us.

Sensitivity studies of a high accuracy surface modeling method

The sensitivities of the initial value and the sampling information to the accuracy of a high accuracy surface modeling(HASM) are investigated and the implementations of this new modeling method are modified and enhanced. Based on the fundamental theorem of surface theory, HASM is developed to correct the error produced in geographical information system and ecological modeling process. However, the earlier version of HASM is theoretically incomplete and its initial value must be produced by other surface modeling methods, such as spline, which limit its promotion. In other words, we must use other interpolators to drive HASM. According to the fundamental theorem of surface theory, we modify HASM, namely HASM.MOD, by adding another important nonlinear equation to make it independent of other methods and, at the same time, have a complete and solid theory foundation. Two mathematic surfaces and monthly mean temperature of 1951–2010 are used to validate the effectiveness of the new method. Experiments show that the modified version of HASM is insensitive to the selection of initial value which is particular important for HASM. We analyze the sensitivities of sampling error and sampling ratio to the simulation accuracy of HASM.MOD. It is found that sampling information plays an important role in the simulation accuracy of HASM.MOD. Another feature of the modified version of HASM is that it is theoretically perfect as it considers the third equation of the surface theory which reflects the local warping of the surface. The modified HASM may be useful with a wide range of spatial interpolation as it would no longer rely on other interpolation methods.