我国卫生机构发展及公平性趋势研究——以调整人口和地理面积为研究视角

目的:分析我国卫生机构发展及公平性趋势,为优化卫生资源配置提供决策依据。方法:采用统计地图、基尼系数等方法分析2002—2013年我国卫生机构的发展及公平性趋势。结果:(1)我国卫生机构的发展整体呈上升趋势,但调整人口数的卫生资源分布密度与同时调整人口数和地理面积后的趋势相反。(2)各地区三级医院数均呈增长趋势,且东部地区增长最为显著。(3)在公平性分析方面,东部地区每千人每平方公里卫生机构数的基尼系数维持在0.40、床位数的基尼系数由0.70降至0.60;中、西部地区每千人每平方公里卫生机构数和床位数的基尼系数分别维持在0.40和0.20。结论:我国卫生机构配置公平性趋势有所改善,但东部地区不公平性较中、西部地区更严重,应针对不同地区情况,因地制宜优化卫生机构配置,在卫生资源配置中重视地理面积因素的影响。

基于秩和比法的我国西部地区护理人力资源配置分析

目的:探讨我国西部地区护理人力资源配置状况,为西部地区护理人力资源合理配置提供科学参考。方法:基于2020年《中国卫生健康统计年鉴》相关数据,运用秩和比法对我国西部地区每千人口注册护士数、医护比、床护比、注册护士占卫生技术人员的比例进行评价。结果:在全国水平上,西部地区护理人力资源配置水平较均等;在地区内部水平上,西部地区护理人力资源配置结果可分为4档:西藏为一档(少);新疆、青海、内蒙古、甘肃为二档(相对较少);四川、广西、重庆、宁夏、贵州为三档(相对较多);陕西、云南为四档(多)。结论:西部地区护理人力资源配置整体均值较好,但地区间差异较大;且护理人力资源配置与地理面积呈负相关,与经济发展水平、人口密度呈正相关。

配电网无功补偿的若干问题探讨

随着我国电力工业的迅猛壮大,电网逐步扩张,电力负荷增长很快,电压等级越来越高,电网、发电厂以及单机容量也越来越大,电网覆盖的地理面积在不断扩大。但是,由于地理环境、燃料运输、水资源及经济发展规模等诸多因素的影响,致使电源(发电厂)分布不均衡,要保证系统的稳定和优良的电能质量,就必须解决远距离输电、电压调节及无功补偿等问题。解决好无功补偿问题,具有十分重要的意义。

梵蒂冈简介

梵蒂冈(Vatican)是位于意大利首都罗马西北高地上的城国，全称梵蒂冈城国，面积0．44平方千米，为世界上最小的国家。以梵蒂冈城墙为界，包括圣彼得广场、圣彼得大教堂、教堂宫等。主要人口为意大利，信奉天主教。首都梵蒂冈城。

Forces Driving Changes in Cultivated Land and Management Countermeasures in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area,China

The Three Gorges project accelerates economic development in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area.This paper aimed to investigate the distribution,changes and features of cultivated land in this area,analyze the forces driving the changes in cultivated land area,and propose the countermeasures for cultivated land management.Transition matrix was used to analyze the features of cultivated land changes,and quantitative analysis and qualitative analysis were adopted to research the driving forces according to the features of cultivated land changes.Cultivated land in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area mainly lay to the northwest of the Yangtze River,especially the upper reaches.The areas of cultivated land increased from 1996 to 1999,then decreased from 2000 to 2006,and finally increased again from 2007 to 2009.The important forces driving changes in cultivated land included government policies,employment and food security,increasing construction land,agriculture structure adjustment,land rearrangement,inundation.During cultivated land management,firstly,it is necessary to insist on the principle of cultivated land protection,standardize land exploitation and strictly restrict the transformation of cultivated land into non-farming land.Secondly,land rearrangement must be implemented,which can not only increase the area of the cultivated land,but also improve the quality of the cultivated land.Thirdly,it is feasible to intensify eco-agriculture construction to increase the quantity and quality of cultivated land.Fourthly,it is helpful to improve the traditional agriculture production methods to promote cultivated land quality.Lastly,it is important to propagandize cultivated land protection and realize the enormous pressure of cultivated land shortage,making more people obligated to protect cultivated land.

Geomorphic Characteristics of Hillslope and Channelized Debris Flows: A Case Study in the Shitou Area of Central Taiwan

The data on the hillslope and channelized debris flows in the Shitou area of central Taiwan occurred during Typhoons Toraji and Nali in 2001 were applied in this paper. The geomorphic parameters, including the flow length, gully gradient, drainage area and form factor of the debris flows were determined by spatial analysis using a Geographic Information System (GIS) based on the data derived from field investigation, aerial photographs, and topographical maps. According to such determined geomorphic parameters, the threshold conditions and empirical equations, such as the relationship between the gully gradient and drainage area and that between gully length and drainage area and topographic parameter, are presented and used to distinguish the geomorphic characteristics between the channelized and hillslope debris flows.

Spatio-temporal Variation of Wind Erosion in Inner Mongolia of China Between 2001 and 2010

Using Geographic Information System(GIS), based on wind speed, precipitation, topographic, soil, vegetation coverage and land use data of Inner Mongolia between 2001 and 2010, we applied the revised wind erosion equation(RWEQ) model to simulate wind erosion intensity. The results showed that an area of approximately 47.8 × 10~4 km^2 experienced wind erosion in 2010, 23.2% of this erosion could be rated as severe, and 46.0% as moderate. Both the area and the intensity of wind erosion had decreased from 2001 to 2010, the wind erosion area reduced 10.1%, and wind erosion intensity decreased by 29.4%. Precipitation, wind speed, population size and urbanization in rural areas, and gross domestic product of primary industry(GDP1) were the main factors influencing wind erosion. Overall, these factors accounted for 88.8% of the wind erosion. These results indicated that the decrease in wind erosion over the past decade related to the increase in precipitation and the decrease in the number of windy days, while modest urban development and optimization of the economic structure might partially reduced the level of ecological pressure, highlighting the importance of human activities in controlling wind erosion.

Changes and Effecting Factors of Grain Production in China

Based on the data from the Cost-benefit Data of Farm Produce and the China Agricultural Yearbook, this paper aims to examine the spatial and temporal change characteristics of total grain production and its affecting factors. The results show that： 1） During 1980 to 2007, total grain production increased from 3.20 ~ 108 t to 5.02 x 108 t in China, with annual increasing rate of 1.68%. From the regional disparities, most of the regions present increasing trend of total grain production except for several regions with higher level of economic development; 2） Grain sown area decreased from 1.17 × 108 ha in 1980 to 1.06 x 108 ha in 2007, which has negative effect on total grain production; 3） The increase of grain yield per unit area caused by land use intensity changes contributed to the increase of total grain yield greatly. However, as the land use intensity showed that farmers pay more attention to labor-saving input but not yield-increasing input, the less enthusiasm of farmers in grain production may become an important constraint on fu- ture grain production increase in China; 4） Based on the results, this paper proposed different land management poli- cies in different regions, for example, the government should protect cultivated land, promote large scale production. As to the less developed regions, the government should pay more attention to agricultural subsidies to promote farm- ers＇ enthusiasm in grain production.

Farmland Merging in Poland--A Success or Failure in Land Management Policy

Farmland merging is a significant tool in comprehensive rural areas development. Although a broad range of research relating to this field already exists, not enough emphasis has yet been placed on this issue in Poland. In all probability it would not be a point for broad discussion if this situation related to a country, where agriculture is negligible. Nonetheless, in Poland agriculture plays a very important role in the economy： it employs 17% of labour force and arable land covers about 60% of the total area. Yet, even where land consolidation work has been carried out for years, the expected effects are still not appreciable, mostly because of the disastrous formal and legal policy. This paper intends to make a contribution to the field of knowledge of farmland merging in Poland. Particular attention was focused on the importance of land management policy in the streamlining of land consolidation activities. The study brings a fresh view on the examination of the effectiveness of farmland merging work, based on two different formal procedures carried out in Poland. During the investigation the main obstacles and weaknesses in legal regulation were revealed while at the same time, producing possible solutions.

Classification of Urban Parks and their Regional Characteristics in Dhaka City, Bangladesh

Unplanned urbanization has caused serious ecological imbalances in Dhaka city. This study investigates the efficiency and utilization of urban green space especially parks of Dhaka city. The case study site covers urban parks of Dhaka metropolitan area of Bangladesh. Two aspects （physical and social） were applied for this study. For physical aspect, methods were used RS （Remote Sensing） and GIS （Geographic Information System） of three periods of images （Dhaka city）. And for social aspect, methods were used questionnaire survey, observation, photographs, sketch and previous information about parks. After calculating all data result was showed by maps using GIS. For the changing pattern of green space of periods 1972, 1989 and 2010, result showed that the variation of the green space changes rate was high and gradually green space deceased and build up area increased in Dhaka city. Again according to physical size, parks of Dhaka city were classified into four types： Small, Medium, Large and Extra Large parks. Small parks of Dhaka city were situated beside the residential area and were used as daily purpose. Medium parks were located beside commercial area and its use was for daily and weekly. Large parks were placed at city center and only one extra large park was found outer range of city area. In large parks, people mainly visited monthly or occasionally. Moreover, the spatial-temporal changes of images showed the present status of green space of the city. The consequence of the study reveals that the utilization of park was controlled by various factors in Dhaka city.

Estimation of Artificial Plantings of Pinus sylvestris in Kazakhstan according to Their Geographical Origin

35-40-year experience of the study of geographical cultures in Kazakhstan has allowed accumulating of significant scientific information on test of seed progeny of different origins of Pinus sylvestris. Results on growing of climatic types of the pine in provenance trial plantations of Pavlodarskaya, East-Kazakhstan, Kostanayskaya and Akmolinskaya oblasts of the Republic of Kazakhstan are given. Long-term studies have shown that at growing of different origins in determined conditions with the use of identical agricultural techniques, different silvicultural, selection and economic effects are reached. Analysis of all the available material has been conducted on the basis of which new forest seed zoning is designed and the most productive and stable ecotypes are selected as candidates for sort-populations. Arakaragayskiy ecotype is universal for different zones and site conditions of the pine in Kazakhstan. Chebarkulskiy ecotype has good indices on productivity, stability, quality of plantings and on selection effect. Given geographical ecotypes are recommended as candidates for sort-populations.

The Governance of Wetlands in the Tonle Sap Lake, Cambodia

Cambodia is a country where wetlands cover 30% of the country＇s total area. The Tonle Sap Lake is an important wetland area of Cambodia and Southeast Asia. However, wetland is under threats from infrastructure development, land conversion, water withdrawals, pollution, increased population pressure and hydropower dams building and affect the livelihoods of rural communities. The governance of wetlands is a key action in sustaining the wetland services and the well-being of people. The ＂wise use＂ is a key concept of wetland governance. Although there is considerable research on the ＂wise use＂ and the application of this concept in wetland management, its application in Tonle Sap remains challenged. Hence, this article addresses the question： How wise use is operationalized for the governance of wetlands in Tonle Sap and what implication it has on the wellbeing of peoples and the ecosystem services？ It uses a literature review and a case study to analyze the wetland governance in Tonle Sap, Cambodia. The article describes the wetland governance based on ecosystem services, the direct and indirect driver affecting wetlands and how it threatens the livelihood security of wetland dependent communities. It concludes that the officially wise use of wetlands is a problematic in Tonle Sap.

淳化概况

淳化县以北宋太宗淳化年号而名。位于三秦之腹，泾水之阳，南接北仲、嵯峨二山．北枕子午岭余脉甘泉山(今黄花山)，东依爷台山，西邻金池水。山围水绕，盆抱而聚。冶峪蜿蜒贯其腹，泾水滔滔绕西南。东西最大距离46．5公里，南北35．5公里。

Salic Horizons in Soils of the USA

The taxonomic hierarchy and nationwide distribution of soils with a salic horizon were studied using the USA Natural Resources Conservation Service Soil Survey Geographic （SSURGO） Database to provide a more holistic view of the role of soil-forming factors in pedogenesis than from isolated case studies. Soils with a salic horizon occupied an area of 11 000 km2, i.e., 0.1% of land area in the contiguous USA. These soils occur narrowly in three great groups （Aquisalids, Haplosalids and Halaquepts）, 11 subgroups, and 97 soil series. Soils with a salic horizon commonly had a mesic （50% of soil series） or thermic （19%） soil-temperature class, an aquic （89%） soil-moisture class, a mixed mineral class （79%）, a calcareous （52%） reaction class, a superaztive （59%） cation exchange activity class, and a fine （24% of soil series）, fine-loamy （24% of soil series）, or fine-silty （19% of soil series） particle-size class. Soils with a salic horizon were concentrated in the Basin and Range Province of western USA. The key pedogenic processes leading to the development of salic horizons were salinization, gleization, and calcification, with some evidence for argilluviation and silicification.

Two-dimensional finite element modeling on the crustal shortening and the surface erosion-sedimentation process across northern piedmont of the Tianshan Mountains

The Tianshan Mountains,located in the northwestern China,are bounded by the Tarim Basin to south and the Junggar Basin to north.In the north piedmont of this mountain range,ongoing thrusting and folding forms a set of roughly parallel anticlines.Geological observations predicted that averaged over last^1 Ma time scale,the shortening rates of these anticlines are about2.1–5.5 mm/a;However by averaged over about 10±2 kyr,their shortening rates reduce to merely about 1.25±0.5 mm/a.The slow shortening of the anticlines in the last^10±2 kyr is coarsely concurrent in time with the last global deglaciation.Here,we use a two-dimensional finite element model to explore crustal deformation across north piedmont of the Tianshan Mountains under various erosion-sedimentation conditions that are assumed to represent the climate-controlled surface process.Numerical experiments show that with a relatively weak erosion-sedimentation strength,the crustal shortening is accommodated mainly by north piedmont of the Tianshan Mountains,similar to the high shortening rate of anticlines averaged over the last^1Ma.By increasing erosion-sedimentation strength,the resultant crustal shortening is transformed gradually toward the Tianshan Mountains,resulting in the shortening rate in its north piedmont being decelerated to what is observed as averaged over the last^10±2 kyr.This result suggests that erosion and sedimentation could play an important role mechanically on strain localization across an intra-continent active tectonic belt.Hence,if the climate change around the last global deglaciation could be simply representative to the enhancement of surface erosion and sedimentation across the pre-existed Tianshan Mountains and its foreland,our models indicate that the observed shortening-rate variations averaged over^1 Ma and^10±2kyr time scales around north piedmont of the Tianshan Mountains should be resulted from climate changes.