3年独立研究观测到的与地震有关的地电变化

给出了某些地震前地电场的观测结果。数据是在帕特雷大学地震中心用VAN方法在3年(1992～1994)独立实验研究期间搜集的。记录的信号包括:a)地电场的缓慢变化(GVEF);b)地电场的周期变化(PVEF);c)地震电信号(SES)。

基于泰勒多项式及曲面样条函数的地电场变化分析

选取江苏及邻区地电台网13个台站地电场观测分钟值,采用泰勒多项式和曲面样条函数模型建立地电日变化模型,使用模型曲线描述不同年份、同农历日期、同等磁情天气的实测地电日变化,结果表明:使用分钟值曲线建立的地电日变化模型,更能清晰反映日变化特点,并可反映一天当中台站观测环境、测量系统等变化引起的地电变化;使用同一区域地电台网中若干台站同方向测道的样本曲线,建立各测道电场变化模型,可反映其自身特征及共性特征。

大同—阳高6.1级地震的地电前兆研究

在系统处理地电长期观测资料的基础上，研究了大同—阳高地震的地电前兆变化及大同台地电阻率反映的主压应力（变）方向。结果表明，大同—阳高地震地电前兆异常具有台项少、强度小和零散分布的特征，前兆异常似有由震中往外扩展的现象；大同台震前地电异常反映的主压应力（变）方向发生了４５．２°的明显异变。讨论了对地电地震前兆的复杂性和大同—阳高等中强地震的预报问题，认为只要认真排除干扰，系统分析处理地电的长期观测资料和正确认识异常变化，地电方法对一些中强地震作出一定程度的预测还是有可能的。

中缅交界地区6．9级强震与地电阻率突变序列

根据断裂力学观点，分析了１９９２年４月２３日中缅交界６．９级地震的地电变化、结果表明，震前震中附近的台站，也观测到了有关地震的地电阻率突变与突变序列异常、这使曾在全国短临预报讨研会（１９９０．１０兰州）上提出的地电阻率突变序列法受到一次很好的实际检验，从而更加证实了该法在短临预报实际应用中的可行性。

山西大同—阳高6.1级地震电磁异常的再研究

在山西大同—阳高 1989年 6 .1级地震的震例总结中 (张肇诚 .中国震例 .北京 :地震出版社 ,2 0 0 0 ) ,共收集了 8项电磁异常 ,经过对资料的进一步整理研究 ,又发现了 10项异常。以这些异常为样本 ,研究了电磁异常的演化特征及物理机制 ,探讨了数据处理与异常识别的方法、场源关系及区域应力场的特征。结果表明 ,地电异常在震前零散分布 ,以近场区域的中短期异常为主 ,并有从外围向震中迁移的现象 ;地磁异常相对集中 ,呈现分组、准同步上升变化现象 ,异常幅度较大 ;

江油台外线漏电异常的判断

2001年8～9月间,江油地电台N10°E测向视电阻率ρs值出现持续下降,变化形态打破年变,降幅约3%,很像是一次孕震异常。但经现场核实为供电电源极性接反漏电所致,与理论计算出的漏电影响系数相反。

地震临震前测报实例及分析

地震临震前测报实例及分析铁道部第三勘测设计院王德印１９７６年唐山大地震，给人民生命财产带来了巨大灾害。加之在此之前的邢台和海城等地的地震，使人们对地震预报工作更加重视和寄予希望。只有准确的地临震预报，才能减轻地震对人民生命财产造成的损失。而准确地临震...

Delineation of Site-Specific Management Zones Based on Temporal and Spatial Variability of Soil Electrical Conductivity

A coastal saline field of 10.5 ha was selected as the study site and 122 bulk electrical conductivity (ECb) measurements were performed thrice in situ in the topsoil (0-20 cm) across the field using a hand held device to assess the spatial variability and temporal stability of the distribution of soil electrical conductivity (EC), to identify the management zones using cluster analysis based on the spatiotemporal variability of soil EC, and to evaluate the probable potential for site-specific management in coastal regions with conventional statistics and geostatistical techniques. The results indicated high coefficients of variation for topsoil salinity over all the three samplings. The spatial structure of the salinity variability remained relatively stable with time. Kriged contour maps, drawn on the basis of spatial variance structure of the data, showed the spatial trend of the salinity distribution and revealed areas of consistently high or consistently low salinity, while a temporal stability map indicated stable and unstable regions. On the basis of the spatiotemporal characteristics, cluster analysis divided the site into three potential management zones, each with different characteristics that could have an impact on the way the field was managed. On the basis of the clearly defined management zones it was concluded that coastal saline land could be managed in a site-specific way.

Effects of electric field fringe on performances of grid strip capacitive MEMS devices

Sensing structure of grid strip capacitors can be used in the design of capacitive micro-electromechanical system （MEMS） resonators, accelerometers etc. A grid strip structure consists of nonentirely overlap plates so that the capacitor fringe effect cannot be neglected in the design. Electricmagnetic Finite Element Method （FEM） software ANSOFF-Maxwell is employed to analyze the fringe effect of a grid strip capacitor. The analysis includes capacitance changes with change of overlap length, overlap width, plate thickness, grid strip density etc. The results show that fringe effect leads to non-linear change of grid strip capacitance with the change of overlap length and width, that the capacitance increases with the increase of grid strip width and plate thickness, and that sensitivity can be improved through the increase of grid strip density in the condition of identical total overlap area, but linearity is reduced.

Analysis and Study on the Change of the Observed Geo-electric Field Data at Lhasa Geomagnetic Station before and after the Nepal MS8.1 Earthquake

In this paper,the main purpose is to analyze and research the characteristics of the geoelectric field observed data with a long time span and large amplitude abnormal change,at the Lhasa geomagnetic station( hereafter referred to as "Lhasa station "),before and after the Nepal M_S8. 1 strong earthquake,which occurred on April 25,2015. Based on the observation conditions,the observation system,and the observed data of Lhasa station preliminary discussed,the main characteristics of the abnormal change and evolution process are analyzed and studied,using the following two methods; the "synthesis energy accumulation"and the "power as MSA spectrum"analysis,from the two aspects of the"Time Domain"and"Frequency Domain. "The results show that the abnormal change of the geo-electric field observation of Lhasa station experienced a development stage following the process of "trend change- disturbance change- earthquake period-recovery period",and an evolution process of "low frequency change- high frequency change- smooth change- high frequency change ",before and after the Nepal M_S8. 1strong earthquake. Comprehensive analysis shows that the variation characteristics and evolution process of the geo-electric field at Lhasa station are basically consistent with the results of the relevant mechanism and phenomenon research. So far,this is valuable information with certain objectivity,which is typical and representative to reflect the whole process of the gestation, occurrence and complete development of such strongearthquakes.

Tunnelling through weak and fragile rocks of Himalayas

A considerable amount of tunnelling has been going on in India for various projects such as hydroelectric power, irrigation, roads and railways. Most of these projects are located in Himalayas, far away from the urban areas. Tunnelling through weak and jointed rock masses such as the one in the Himalayas is a challenging task for the planners, designers, engineers and geologists because of high overburden, thickly vegetated surface, weak, poor and fragile rocks and highly varying geology with the presence of numerous small and big shear zones, faults, etc. Due to these reasons, various tunnelling problems have been faced in the past and are still being encountered. Failures and the problems may be regarded as challenges and opportunities for generating new knowledge base and thereby increasing self-reliance in tunnelling. The experiences of Himalayan tunnelling through weak and fragile rocks covering varying and mixed geology, understanding on tunnelling in squeezing ground conditions and applicability of TBM in Himalayas are presented. It has also been highlighted that the probe holes planning, drilling and monitoring shall be followed seriously to reduce the geological surprises.

Preliminary Study on the Relationship between the M_s8.0 Wenchuan Earthquake of 2008 and the Anomalies of Earth Resistivity Observed at Qingdao Seismic Station

Near-surface earth resistivity and underground water level anomalies were recorded at Qingdao seismic observatory of Shandong Province before and after the MS8.0 Wenchuan Earthquake of May 12,2008.The observed data of earth resistivity at the observatory revealed that the underground water level dropped and the resistivity increased.It is postulated that in the special tectonic setting at Qingdao observatory,the variation of stress and strain caused the change of water level beneath the station,thus,leading to the variation of earth resistivity.The relationship between the variation of stress field and the change of earth resistivity before earthquake is analyzed.

Sensitivity to electricity consumption in urban business and commercial area buildings according to climatic change

Recently, urban high temperature phenomenon has become a problem which results from human activities, the increase in energy consumption, and land-cover change in urban areas. As extremely hot weather caused by urban high temperature continues, demand for power is increased and results in the degradation of electricity reserves. The current trend in climate change, regardless of the summer and winter power demand, is likely to have much effect on the power demand. Thus, sensitivity to electricity consumption in urban areas due to climate change was researched. The results show that, 1） the basic unit of the sensitivity to electricity consumption in the target areas is 1.25-1.58W/（m2.℃）; 2） The maximum sensitivity is recorded at around 8：00 pm in the area crowded with commercial and business area. And in the business area, electricity consumption load is even from 9：00 am to 6：00 pm.

Two types of changes in apparent resistivity in earthquake prediction

Two types of changes in apparent resistivity (AR) have been linked to earthquake occurrences. This paper studies the changes and their causes, in detail with the ultimate purpose of developing and assessing a method of earthquake (EQ) prediction. The AR changes of the first type (CFT) are considered to be precursors related to earthquakes (EQs); these appear mostly in the medium-term period before EQs and in the short-term period preceding EQs. The changes of the second type (CST) are characterized by a turning anomaly of a long-trend AR variation or the drastically descending/ascending anomaly superimposed on such a variation; these appear synchronously in large areas, such as the Chinese mainland, and northern and northwestern China, ect. Their spatio-temporal clusters correspond well to high seismicities in the areas and distant great EQs around the Chinese mainland. Based on the behaviors of the two types of changes, the AR changes observed prior to the Ms8.0 Wenchuan EQ of 2008 are studied. The results show that in the medium-term period before the EQ, noticeable anomalies appeared synchronously at four stations around the Songpan-Ganzi active block, but only weak upward changes were observed in the short-term period preceding the EQ, which caused the prediction of the imminent EQ to fail.