农用地分等土地经济系数计算方法比较研究——以江西省上高县为例

土地经济系数是农用地分等中重要的修正参数。论文以上高县为例,对"规程法"和"地统计学法"计算土地经济系数进行了比较分析。通过对样点数据的变异函数模型的分析,结果表明土地经济系数具有很强的空间相关性。在结构分析基础上,本文采用克里格内插(Kriging)法,计算出每个分等单元的土地经济系数。经过样点验证,结果表明"地统计学法"计算的土地经济系数更精确。

河套灌区地下水埋深时空变异特征及其影响因素

选择内蒙河套灌区义长灌域作为研究区,利用研究区67眼监测井的地下水埋深资料,采用传统统计学、地统计学和灰色关联分析法,对灌域1990-2015年地下水埋深的时空变异性及其主控因素进行了分析,结果表明:(1)义长灌域26a来潜水位下降近0.4m,平均下降速率1.6cm/a;(2)义长灌域26a地下水埋深的最优变异函数有高斯、指数和球状模型,以高斯模型为主,区域地下水埋深具有较强的空间相关性,变程多在5~7km;(3)空间插值结果表明,不同时期地下水埋深的空间分布存在一定的差异性,但总体上以1.5~2.5m范围为主,平均占比60%;(4)根据灰色关联分析法和偏相关分析,发现蒸发量和地下水补给量是义长灌域地下水埋深的主要驱动因素。

滴灌棉田灌溉单元内土壤墒情监测点的采样效率研究

采用均匀布点方式,运用地统计学理论及经典统计学理论研究滴灌条件下土壤含水率的合理采样数量并进行误差分析。结果表明,根据经典统计学、地统计学法,控制区域内土壤墒情合理监测点分别为8、2个。应用等值线图及地统计学方法,土壤含水率的采样效率比传统统计学方法提高约3倍。

Spatial Variability of Soil Organic Carbon in a Watershed on the Loess Plateau

Soil organic carbon (SOC) has great impacts on global warming, land degradation and food security. Classic statistical and geostatistical methods were used to characterize and compare the spatial heterogeneity of SOC and related factors, such as topography, soil type and land use, in the Liudaogou watershed on the Loess Plateau of North China. SOC concentrations followed a log-normal distribution with an arithmetic and geometric means of 23.4 and 21.3 g kg-1, respectively, were moderately variable (CV = 75.9%), and demonstrated a moderate spatial dependence according to the nugget ratio (34.7%). The experimental variogram of SOC was best-fitted by a spherical model, after the spatial outliers had been detected and subsequently eliminated. Lower SOC concentrations were associated with higher elevations. Warp soils and farmland had the highest SOC concentrations, while aeolian sand soil and shrublands had the lowest SOC values. The geostatistical characteristics of SOC for the different soil and land use types were different. These patterns were closely related to the spatial structure of topography, and soil and land use types.

Modified Method for Estimating Organic Carbon Density in Discontinuous Karst Soil Using Ground-Penetrating Radar and Geostatistics

The conventional method which assumes the soil distribution is continuous was unsuitable for estimating soil organic carbon density(SOCD) in Karst areas because of its discontinuous soil distribution. The accurate estimation of SOCD in Karst areas is essential for carbon sequestration assessment in China. In this study, a modified method,which considers the vertical proportion of soil area in the profile when calculating the SOCD, was developed to estimate the SOCD in a typical Karst peak-cluster depression area in southwest China. In the modified method, ground-penetrating radar(GPR) technology was used to detect the distribution and thickness of soil. The accuracy of the method was confirmed through comparison with the data obtained using a validation method, in which the soil thickness was measured by excavation. In comparison with the conventional method and average-soil-depth method,the SOCD estimated using the GPR method showed the minimum relative error with respect to that obtained using the validation method. At a regional scale, the average SOCDs at depths of 0-20 cm and 0-100 cm, which were interpolated by ordinary kriging,were 1.49(ranging from 0.03-5.65) and 2.26(0.09-11.60) kgm-2based on GPR method in our study area(covering 393.6 hm2), respectively. Therefore, the modified method can be applied on the accurate estimation of SOCD in discontinuous soil areas such as Karst regions.

Spatial Variability of Soil Organic Carbon in Different Hillslope Positions in Toshan Area, Golestan Province, Iran: Geostatistical Approaches

Accessibility to organic carbon(OC) budget is required for sustainable agricultural development and ecosystem preservation and restoration. Using geostatistical models to describe and demonstrate the spatial variability of soil organic carbon(SOC) will lead to a greater understanding of this dynamics. The aim of this paper is to present the relationships between the spatial variability of SOC and the topographic features by using geostatistical methods on a loess mountain-slope in Toshan region, Golestan Province, northern Iran. Hence, 234 soil samples were collected in a regular grid that covered different parts of the slope. The results showed that such factors as silt, clay, saturated moisture content, mean weighted diameter(MWD) and bulk density were all correlated to the OC content in different slope positions, and the spatial variability of SOC more to slope positions and elevations. The coefficient of variation(CV) indicated that the variability of SOC was moderate in different slope positions and for the mountain-slope as a whole. However, the higher variability of SOC(CV = 45.6%) was shown in the back-slope positions. Also, the ordinary cokriging method for clay as covariant gave better results in evaluating SOC for the whole slope with the RMSE value 0.2552 in comparison with the kriging and the inverse distance weighted(IDW) methods. The interpolation map of OC for the slope under investigation showed lowering SOC concentrations versus increasing elevation and slope gradient. The spatial correlation ratio was different between various slope positions and related to the topographic texture.

Evaluation of Gold Geochemical Anomalies in the Liaodong Paleorift

89 Au geochemical anomalies are delineated by using 1/200000 regional geochemical exploration data. By researching regional geochemical characteristics and the relationship with the geological background, the author points out that： the main factors causing high background of Au geochemical anomalies are Gaixian and Dashiqiao formation of Liaohe group, intrusions of Mesozoic intermediate-acid intrusive rocks. The elements combination types of typical anomalies are determined by using factorial analysis,cluster analysis and other mathematical methods with the combination of elements association in typical anomalies：the composite anomaly of Baiyun gold deposits is Au-As-Sb, Maoling gold deposit is Au-As- Bi-Mo, Wulong gold deposits is Au-As-Bi-W, Xiaotongjiapuzi gold deposit is Au-As-Bi-Mo-Sb. By using multivariate statistical analysis method,62 ore-caused anomaly are preferred in 89 Au geochemical anomalies delineated. On this basis, the 62 anomalies are divided into 4 kinds of anomaly types reference to elements combination types of typical anomalies,the classification results of ore-caused anomalies are： 4 geochemical anomalies of Baiyun type,36 geochemical anomalies of Maoling type,11 geochemical anomalies of Wulong type, 11 geochemical anomalies of Xiaotongjapuzi type. According to the results, the prospecting direction is provided for the futme of gold exploration.

北京市顺义区浅层土壤硝态氮的空间变异特征分析

顺义是北京市的主要水源地和农业生产基地,研究氮素在顺义区土壤中的分布累积及空间变异情况,对于了解顺义区的土壤潜在污染,指导农业生产,预防面源污染等具有重要作用.因此,本研究应用传统统计学方法和基于GIS的地统计学法研究了顺义区不同地点各土层土壤中硝态氮的空间分布特征.结果发现,地统计分析过程中,在考虑各向异性和趋势效应的情况下,各土层土壤硝态氮含量均具有空间相关性,理论变异模型主要为球状模型和指数模型.同时,选用普通Kriging插值法得到了各土层土壤硝态氮的空间分布图,并对其空间分布特征进行了分析.结果表明,研究区不同土层硝态氮空间分布状况各异,潮白河东部土壤硝态氮含量高于潮白河西部.

Spatial Variability of Soil Organic Carbon and Related Factors in Jiangsu Province,China

Soil organic carbon (SOC) plays a key role in the global carbon cycle.In this study,we used statistical and geostatistical methods to characterize and compare the spatial heterogeneity of SOC in soils of Jiangsu Province,China,and investigate the factors that influence it,such as topography,soil type,and land use.Our study was based on 24 186 soil samples obtained from the surface soil layer (0-0.2 m) and covering the entire area of the province.Interpolated values of SOC density in the surface layer,obtained by kriging based on a spherical model,ranged between 3.25 and 32.43 kg m 3.The highest SOC densities tended to occur in the Taihu Plain,Lixia River Plain,along the Yangtze River,and in high-elevation hilly areas such as those in northern and southwest Jiangsu,while the lowest values were found in the coastal plain.Elevation,slope,soil type,and land use type significantly affected SOC densities.Steeper slope tended to result in SOC decline.Correlation between elevation and SOC densities was positive in the hill areas but negative in the low plain areas,probably due to the effect of different land cover types,temperature,and soil fertility.High SOC densities were usually found in limestone and paddy soils and low densities in coastal saline soils and alluvial soils,indicating that high clay and silt contents in the soils could lead to an increase,and high sand content to a decrease in the accumulation of SOC.SOC densities were sensitive to land use and usually increased in towns,woodland,paddy land,and shallow water areas,which were strongly affected by industrial and human activities,covered with highly productive vegetation,or subject to long-term use of organic fertilizers or flooding conditions.

Indicator and Multivariate Geostatistics for Spatial Prediction

There are various occasions where simple, ordinary, and universal kriging techniques may find themselves incapable of performing spatial prediction directly or efficiently. One type of application concerns quantification of cumulative distribution function (CDF) or probability of occurrences of categorical variables over space. The other is related to optimal use of co-variation inherent to multiple regionalized variables as well as spatial correlation in spatial prediction. This paper extends geostatistics from the realm of kriging with uni-variate and continuous regionalized variables to the territory of indicator and multivariate kriging, where it is of ultimate importance to perform non-parametric estimation of probability distributions and spatial prediction based on co-regionalization and multiple data sources, respectively.

Qualitative Land Suitability Evaluation for Main Irrigated Crops in the Shahrekord Plain, Iran: A Geostatistical Approach Compared with Conventional Method

The purity of soil map units and their quality for various uses like land suitability evaluation are always questioned.The main objective of this study was to compare the precision of qualitative land suitability classification based on geostatistical and conventional soil mapping methods for main irrigated crops in the Shahrekord Plain,Central Iran.A regular grid sampling method consisting 104sample points was designed and soil samples were collected.Ordinary kriged maps were achieved for all studied soil attributes after physico-chemical analyses.Afterward,to combine kriged maps and ecological requirements of the studied crops,a script was designed in ILWIS 3.4 software and consequently,kriged qualitative land suitability maps were generated.Conventional qualitative land suitability was also mapped based on the representative pedon analysis in each soil map unit.Finally,comparison of the conventional and kriged maps was carried out using the statistical method,error matrix.The results showed that the overall accuracies of wheat,sugar beet,potato and alfalfa maps were 39.8%,24.3%,18.7%and 18.6%at subclass category,respectively,whereas these values increased to80.9%,82.3%,23.7%and 82.3%at class level,respectively.Hence,it can be stated that thanks to the relative facility of conventional soil survey compared with geostatistical methods,this method can be expressed as a preferable way for handling a usual land suitability evaluation design;but using soil map units as land suitability delineations may lead to unsatisfactory results in estimation of quantity and type of existing limitations.