矿山酸水影响下岩溶地表河二氧化碳分压及扩散通量变化

为揭示矿山酸水影响下岩溶地表河流水-气界面CO_(2)分压(pCO_(2))时空分布特征,本文选择受矿山酸水影响的贵州麻江格当寨河为研究对象,分平水期、枯水期和丰水期对该河流进行了样品采集,通过对水样水化学指标的测定,揭示其表层水体pCO_(2)的时空变化及影响因素,并利用模型法估算了水-气界面CO_(2)扩散通量。研究结果表明:全河段整体表现为大气CO_(2)的排放源,平水期、枯水期、丰水期未受矿山酸水影响前河流pCO_(2)分别为57~122 Pa、79~98 Pa、146~189 Pa,在受矿山酸水影响后河流pCO_(2)分别为99~4034 Pa、81~701 Pa、146~2117 Pa,整体上受矿山酸水影响河段的pCO_(2)高于未受矿山酸水影响河段。与此同时,在受到矿山酸水影响下,河流pCO_(2)呈现随着流向先增加再降低的趋势。CO_(2)扩散通量空间变化趋势与pCO_(2)相似,受到矿山酸水影响后的河流前端CO_(2)扩散通量是未受影响时的5.2~203.1倍,其中在平水期变化最显著,且该通量值高于文献报道的未受矿山酸水影响的岩溶地表河流,表明矿山酸水可增强岩溶地表河流中CO_(2)的释放。

岩溶地下水补给的地表河流溶解无机碳昼夜变化与钙沉降

溶解无机碳昼夜动态变化对河流水体碳通量的估算有重要影响。本文选择由地下水补给且富含水生植物的典型河流,开展高分辨率水文地球化学监测和高频率水样取样工作,分析了水化学的昼夜动态变化特征,钙与无机碳昼夜循环产生的生物地球化学控制机理,估算了钙与无机碳昼夜通量。结果表明,白天pH、SIC上升,产生钙沉降和水体无机碳(主要为HCO-3)含量的下降,夜间得到地下水的补给,Ca2+和HCO-3浓度回升。监测期间,官村地下河出口地表河流钙与溶解有机碳的流失或沉降量分别为69.04kg/d和168.68kg/d,即51.14g/(m·d)和124.95g/(m·d),分别占输入量的6.2%和4.7%。受水生植物光合作用和钙化作用控制,沿流程发生无机碳向有机碳转化,是真正意义上的自然碳汇。

塔河油田奥陶系古岩溶地表河和地下河沉积和地球化学特征

塔河油田奥陶系发育了典型的岩溶储层,大于70%的缝洞空间在岩溶发育期及岩溶埋藏期被沉积充填物、垮塌充填物和化学充填物所充填,造成岩溶储层极度非均质性。通过岩心观察、测井资料解释、岩矿和地球化学分析,建立缝洞充填物识别方法。结果表明:沉积砂泥岩占总缝洞充填物的60%以上,地表河和地下河沉积特征明显,其中沉积砂岩是重要的油气储层;两种河流均发育心滩和河漫滩,前者砂岩颗粒较粗,常为含砾的粗—中砂岩,地化分析表明为氧化环境产物;后者以细砂岩为主,石英含量比前者高40%,为弱氧化—弱还原水体沉积;地表河沉积砂泥岩常与坡积物互层,地下河沉积砂岩与垮塌角砾岩或潜流带细粒沉积物呈互层;前者受压实作用明显,储集物性差;后者压实作用很弱,物性好、含油性好;地下河沉积砂岩是径流岩溶带重要的储层,对于深入认识塔河油田岩溶储层地质特征具有重要意义。

旱雨季岩溶地表河不同河段正构烷烃相态组成变化和来源解析

岩溶作用产生的无机碳可以在水生植物、微生物等作用下形成有机质,转化为较稳定的内源有机碳,这为寻找全球遗漏碳汇提供了新的突破口,而加强对岩溶区有机质的溯源研究是重要手段.为探究金佛山岩溶地表河溶解态、颗粒态和沉积物正构烷烃的含量、组分及来源,于2017年3月20日、9月26日分别在石钟溪上、中、下游进行采样,并利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)对三相态正构烷烃的组分进行定量分析.结果显示,旱季溶解态、颗粒态和沉积物正构烷烃的平均含量分别为737 ng·L^(-1)、6108 ng·L^(-1)和7149 ng·g^(-1),雨季三者的平均含量分别为7129 ng·L^(-1)、8146 ng·L^(-1)和6213 ng·g^(-1).正构烷烃的含量整体表现为雨季高于旱季,以溶解态正构烷烃表现得最为显著,这主要由外源高等植物输入增多所致.旱季上、下游正构烷烃含量差异明显,以沉积物正构烷烃表现得最为显著,自上而下整体保持微升态势;雨季外源输入量较大,差异性减弱,整体变幅较小.不同季节降雨和气温的变化导致水动力条件、浊度及水温的不同,深刻地影响着不同相态和不同河段正构烷烃的来源和迁移.整体上,随着海拔降低,高等植物贡献度降低,水生植物和低等生物贡献度增高.当水动力条件较弱和浊度较低时,造成内源溶解有机质增多,同时会出现溶解态至颗粒态乃至沉积物的缓慢沉降迁移.

岩溶地表河旱季有色溶解有机质组成及来源:以金佛山碧潭河为例

岩溶水体中的有机碳汇是岩溶碳汇的重要组成部分,为探明地处亚热带的岩溶地表河——碧潭河水体CDOM的组成及来源,于2017年1~3月开展从上游至下游9个点位的调查,利用三维荧光光谱结合紫外-可见吸收光谱以及常规水化学指标,分析碧潭河CDOM组成和来源及其影响因素.结果表明:(1)碧潭河水体中HCO_3^-的质量分数>70%、Ca^(2+)+Mg^(2+)的质量分数>80%,为主要阴阳离子,水化学性质主要受岩石风化作用的影响;(2)水体CDOM在旱季主要由类腐殖酸(C1)、类富里酸(C2)和类酪氨酸(C3)组成,FI、BIX、HIX以及β:α的平均值分别为2.06、0.87、4.35和0.69,较高的FI、BIX、β∶α以及较低的HIX显示碧潭河水体CDOM在旱季整体而言具有较强的自生源特征;(3)水体中DIC质量浓度与C2、C3荧光强度得分的相关性系数分别为0.515(P<0.05)和0.644(P<0.01),表明水生生物光合作用固定DIC对水体中CDOM的形成起到重要作用,该过程是对岩石风化碳汇的转换和稳定.

闭式河水源热泵系统制冷运行性能试验研究

采用试验的方法分别研究了上海市松江区闭式河水源热泵机组制冷工况运行特性和变冷冻水流量和变冷却水流量对系统制冷性能系数和盘管换热量的影响以及河水温度与空气温度的变化。试验结果表明,闭式河水源热泵机组在冷却水流量为2.5 m3/h,冷冻水流量为2.2 m3/h情况下的机组制冷性能系数EER的平均值为3.2,盘管换热量的平均值为11.5 kW,盘管每米长换热量为28 W/m,整个河水源热泵系统的制冷能效比为1.99。在冷冻水流量变小,冷冻水进、出水口的温差变大,系统的COPs增加,冷冻水流量在1.4 m3/h比冷冻水流量在2.2 m3/h的COPs平均值提高了23%。当冷却水流量增加,系统的COPs和盘管换热量都增加,冷却水流量在2.5 m3/h相较于冷却水流量在1.9 m3/h时的系统的COPs平均值和盘管换热量平均值分别增加了7.8%和8.9%。

浅层地下水与地表水污染物交换关系研究——以常州市老城区为例

通过研究北市河地质结构、地表水和地下水补排关系、污染物在地表水和地下水中的迁移转化规律及转化量这3个方面来分析地下水与地表水的水力联系,发现北市河从地质角度上上游、中游具备发生水利联系的条件,而下游的发生水利联系的可能性很小;上游平水期污染物由地表水扩散到地下水,丰水期由地下水扩散到地表水;中游地区地表水的污染物扩散到地下水,而下游就没有明显的污染物扩散现象。然而并未发现地下水地表水之间有明显的相互影响。

Influence of Vegetation Coverage on Surface Runoff and Soil Moisture in Rainy Season in Dry-hot Valley

[Objective]The research aimed to study the effects of vegetation coverage on the changes of soil moisture in rainy season in dry-hot valley.[Method]The surface runoff and soil moisture of slope with vegetation coverage and bare land in rainy reason in Jinsha River at Yuanmou County of Yunnan Province were observed continuously.Moreover,the statistical analysis was made based on the observation data.[Result]The vegetation coverage could decrease surface runoff and the surface runoff on bare land（CK） was 22 times as the plot with vegetation coverage.The soil water content in 0-180 cm layer with vegetation coverage increased by 37.8% than bare land.The stability of soil moisture content in deep layer was enhanced and the physical properties stability of soil was maintained.The soil moisture content in different depth of soil had significant difference and the changes of soil moisture content were obviously different.[Conclusion]The vegetation coverage of slope could change the soil hydrology obviously and keep soil moisture at the higher level,especially at soil layer below 20 cm.

Surface Morphology of Soil Cracks in Yuanmou Dry-hot Valley Region,Southwest China

Surface morphology of soil cracks is one of the important factors influencing the water evaporation rate in cracked soil in Yuanmou Dry-hot Valley Region,Southwest China. Quantitative study of the complicated surface morphology of soil cracks is a prerequisite for further studies of soil-cracking mechanisms. The present paper establishes a quantitative indicator system by application of concepts and methods originating from Fractal Geometry and Network Analysis. These indicators can effectively express the complicated features of soil-crack network structure. Furthermore,a series of values related to soil-crack morphology was obtained by image processing on field photos of soil-crack quads,and gradation criteria for the degree of development of soil cracks were determined. Finally,the changes in values of the morphological indicators under different degrees of development were analyzed in detail. Our results indicate that (1) the degree of development of soil cracks can be divided into five grades,i.e.,feeble development,slight development,medium development,intensive development and extremely intensive development; (2) the values of the indicators change predictably with increasing degree of development of soil cracks. The area density (Dc) increases,and both the area-weighted mean ratio of crack area to perimeter (AWMARP),which reflects the intensity of cracking,and the index r,which is related to the connectivity of a soil crack,grow uniformly (albeit with different forms). AWMRAP increases at a geometric rate while r shows logarithm-mic growth,indicating a gradual increase in theconnectivity of a soil crack. Nevertheless,the area-weighted mean of soil-crack fractal dimension (AWMFRAC) shows a decreasing trend,indicating a gradual decline in the complexity of cracks as area density increases.

Study on water loss of the surface stream affected by iongwali mining

In order to study the effect of Iongwall mining on surface stream water, monitoring stations of water flow rate was established. A lot of water flowing data were collected before, during and after Iongwall mining. Based on monitoring data, the effects of Iongwall mining on surface stream water were analyzed. The results demonstrate that Iongwall mining has effects on the surface stream water; and the stream water would be lost and decrease due to Iongwall mining but never go into underground through fractured zone. Also, the mechanism of water loss due to Iongwall mining was presented. The stream water can go into the surface cracks in the intersection of stream and surface cracks, longwall mining subsidence can change the surface stream slope and the downstream water flowing status. The results also show the effects of Iongwall mining on stream water are temporary and about one or two years later, surface stream water can be recovered.

Application of a Coupled Land Surface-Hydrological Model to Flood Simulation in the Huaihe River Basin of China

A hydrological simulation in the Huaihe River Basin(HRB) was investigated using two different models: a coupled land surface hydrological model(CLHMS), and a large-scale hydrological model(LSX-HMS). The NCEP-NCAR reanalysis dataset and observed precipitation data were used as meteorological inputs. The simulation results from both models were compared in terms of flood processes forecasting during high flow periods in the summers of 2003 and 2007, and partial high flow periods in 2000. The comparison results showed that the simulated streamflow by CLHMS model agreed well with the observations with Nash-Sutcliffe coefficients larger than 0.76, in both periods of 2000 at Lutaizi and Bengbu stations in the HRB, while the skill of the LSX-HMS model was relatively poor. The simulation results for the high flow periods in 2003 and 2007 suggested that the CLHMS model can simulate both the peak time and intensity of the hydrological processes, while the LSX-HMS model provides a delayed flood peak. These results demonstrated the importance of considering the coupling between the land surface and hydrological module in achieving better predictions for hydrological processes, and CLHMS was proven to be a promising model for future applications in flood simulation and forecasting.

Influence on shallow ground water by heavy metal in polluted river

The main purpose of the research is to study the influence on shallow ground water by heavy metal in polluted river. In the lab-scale experiment polluted rivers were simulated by domestic sewage, and three kinds of natural sand were chosen as infiltration medium, it was found that Cr（Ⅵ）penetrated on the 13th day and then had a removal ratio of 77%-99% in coarse sand,over 91% and 96% in two kinds of medium sand. From beginning to end in column 2 and column 3 the removal ratio of lead were greater than 97%. It is difficult for Cr（Ⅵ） and lead to enter ground water. In on-site test it indicates that the concentration of Cr（Ⅵ） in No.1-3 and coal yard well along the bank of Liangshui River is not greater than background concentration in groundwater, so Cr （Ⅵ） in Liangshui River has a little influence on ground water. The mechanism of Cr（Ⅵ） removal is reducing action and sedimentation. The removal mechanism of lead primarily is chemical adsorption and generation deposit. Cr（Ⅵ） mainly is transformed to precipitation by reducing action because of abundant reduction agent in the infiltration media, so the tests indicat that polluted river is not the source of Cr （Ⅵ） pollution in ground water. Generally lead may polluted soil, but not groundwater.

Surface flow constructed wetland with composite plant bed for pretreatment of micro-polluted Yellow River raw water in China

In order to investigate the feasibility of pretreating the micro-polluted Yellow River raw water by constructed wetland, an experiment was conducted using a surface flow constructed wetland with composite plant bed. The contamination removal efficiency and their trends in the wetland treatment system were studied under different hydraulic loading rates(HLR). The contamination removal efficiencies were compared according to the seasonal change under optimum HLR. The result shows that in the same season, under different hydraulic loadings ranging from 2 to 6 m3/(m2·d) at the same period, the best HLR is 4 m3/(m2·d) in the experimental system. The average removal rates of COD, TN, ammoniacal nitrogen(NH4+-N), and TP in the constructed wetland are 38.37%, 45.97%, 39.86% and 41.69%, respectively. According to China Standard for Surface Water Resources (GB3838-2002), mean effluent of COD, TN, NH4+-N and TP can nearly reach Grade Ⅲ, GradeⅤ, GradeⅠand GradeⅠ, respectively. Furthermore, treatment efficiency of the system in summer is obvious higher than that in other seasons. The expenditure of constructing the constructed wetland with the average treating capacity of 176 m3/d and lifetime of 20 years is 17075.00 RMB. The average disposal cost is summed up to 0.17 RMB/m3, which shows that the pretreatment of the micro-polluted Yellow River raw water by constructed wetland is feasible.

Phosphorus Speciation in Wetland Sediments of Zhujiang (Pearl) River Estuary,China

Phosphorus fractions and adsorption-release characteristics of sediments in the Zhujiang （Pearl） River estuary wetland were investigated. Results showed that the total phosphorus （TP） content in surface sediments ranged from 648.9 mg/kg to 1064.0 mg/kg; inorganic phosphorus （IP） was the major fraction of TP and ranged from 422.5 mg/kg to 643.9 mg/kg. Among the inorganic phosphorus, the main fractions were phosphorus bound to A1 and Fe （Fe/A1-P）, and calcium-bound phosphorus （Ca-P）, accounting for 23%-42% and 21%-67% of IP, respectively. The vertical distribution of TP contents were significantly positive correlated with organic phosphorus （Org-P） and Fe/A1-P contents. The bio-available phosphorus contents in vertical sediments varied from 128.6 mg/kg to 442.9 mg/kg, mainly existed in Fe-AI/P fraction, and increased from the bottom to top sediments. The transport of phosphorus in sediment-water in- terface was controlled by the soil characteristics. The active Fe and A1 content was considered as the main factor that determines adsorp- tion capacity in vegetated marsh wetland. The P buffering capacity of the sediments in vegetated marsh wetland was greater than that in mudflat wetland. The potential risk of eutrophication in the study area is high. Reducing terrestrial phosphorus discharge and preventing the sediment Fe/A1-P release to the interstitial water are the possible solutions to reduce the risk of eutrophication in estuary wetlands, and planting vegetation in estuary wetland can also reduce the release of phosphorus in surface sediment.

洞庭湖区农村饮水水源变更必然性研究

简要阐述了洞庭湖区农村饮水水源的三个阶段,沟渠水、单户水井、集中供水;采用地下水为集中供水工程水源存在的主要问题,部分水质不达标,供水保障率降低;外河水质改善,为集中供水工程采用地表水提供必然性。

MORPHOTECTONICS OF THE BASEMENT SURFACE OF THE WEST SIBERIAN BASIN WITHIN NADYM-TAZ INTERFLUVE

The map of reflecting horizon A, plotted on the basis of regional geophysical materials, yieldsinformation about the bottom topography of sedimentary cover of the West-Siberian Basin within Nadym-Taz interfluve. Through morphotectonic analysis about this surface, the authors are able tounderstand the distribution characteristics of the main topographic irregularities, with the blockstructure of the lower cover floors and underlying complexes as the focus.The largest irregularities are caused by the presence of three regional altitude steps, which show a regional tendency of basement being submerged in the north-north-east direction. Within these irregularities, the authors have distinguished some regions, which can be divided, based on the characteristics of morphostructural distribution, into two groups, i.e., areal (Nadym, Tol'ka, Urengoy)and belt (Tarko-Sale, Russko-Chasel'ka and Messoyakha). The first ones represent quasihomogeneous blocks, whose surfaces are complicated by irregular low-amplitude elevations and troughs and low-gradient zones with gradient values being up to 0.03, or they submerge stepwise, with the leveled areas being separated by zones with high gradients (0.07-0.15). The morphostructure of the other group of regions is characterized by the en-echelon distribution of contrastingly positive and negative elements with high values of slope gradients (higher than 0.1-0.2).

Projected changes in mean and interannual variability of surface water over continental China

Five General Circulation Model(GCM) climate projections under the RCP8.5 emission scenario were used to drive the Variable Infiltration Capacity(VIC) hydrologic model to investigate the impacts of climate change on hydrologic cycle over continental China in the 21 st century. The bias-corrected climatic variables were generated for the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC AR5) by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project(ISIMIP). Results showed much larger fractional changes of annual mean Evapotranspiration(ET) per unit warming than the corresponding fractional changes of Precipitation(P) per unit warming across the country, especially for South China, which led to a notable decrease of surface water variability(P-E). Specifically, negative trends for annual mean runoff up to -0.33%/ year and soil moisture trends varying between -0.02% to -0.13%/year were found for most river basins across China. Coincidentally, interannual variability for both runoff and soil moisture exhibited significant positive trends for almost all river basins across China, implying an increase in extremes relative to the mean conditions. Noticeably, the largest positive trends for runoff variability and soil moisture variability, which were up to 0.41%/year and 0.90%/year, both occurred in Southwest China. In addition to the regional contrast, intra-seasonal variation was also large for the runoff mean and runoff variability changes, but small for the soil moisture mean and variability changes. Our results suggest that future climate change could further exacerbate existing water-related risks(e.g., floods and droughts) across China as indicated by the marked decrease of surface water amounts combined with a steady increase of interannual variability throughout the 21 st century. This study highlights the regional contrast and intra-seasonal variations for the projected hydrologic changes and could provide a multi-scale guidance for assessing effective adaptation strategies for China on a river basin, regional, or as a whole.