安太堡露天煤矿地表河水排洪方案探讨

在地质及水文调查的基础上,提出了安太堡露天煤矿地表河水泄洪方案,即分别采用明渠、石龙、地下涵洞和泵站排水方案,通过分析和比较各方案的技术可行性、经济性和实用性,确定了最终泄洪方案,保证了矿坑安全和正常生产。

大气沉降对川东北喀斯特河水中Mg、Ca、Sr和Ba的贡献

在受大气粉尘活动强烈影响的岩溶地区,大气输入对岩溶地表河水中的金属元素尤其是溶解态元素的影响还较少评估。选择位于秦岭山地、受大气粉尘活动强烈影响的川东北岩溶地区的诺水河,通过2011年7月至2014年6月河水中Mg、Ca、Sr和Ba等元素含量及其变化,结合当地大气沉降观测结果,分析了河水中这些元素的季节变化与影响因素,特别是大气输入对河水中这些金属元素的贡献。结果显示:(1)河水中Mg、Ca、Sr和Ba四种元素显示出明显的季节变化,大气降水稀释作用导致夏季河水中元素浓度值偏低,冬季稀释作用的减弱和粉尘活动加强可能导致河水中元素浓度值偏高;(2)河水中Mg、Ca、Sr和Ba四种元素来源于大气沉降的比例分别是3.1%、7.2%、21.3%和34.8%。这表明在川东北地区,大气沉降对喀斯特河水中部分金属元素如Sr和Ba存在显著影响。

常熟氟化学工业园水环境和生物样品中全氟化合物的分布

采用Oasis-WAX-SPE柱富集,高效液相色谱/电喷雾负离子源串联质谱(HPLC/negative ESI/MS/MS)对常熟氟化学工业园区地表河水样品和水生动物样品(乙腈萃取物)中的全氟及多氟化合物(PFASs)进行了测定,分别检测出8种和14种PFASs.园区河水中总PFASs浓度范围为91.0—9374.9 ng.L-1,为国内已有报道中最高;PFOA和PFPrA是河水样品中含量最高的两种PFASs,且在不同水样中均可占到总PFASs的73%以上,未检出PFOS;生物样品中总PFASs浓度范围为12.93—394.77 ng.g-1ww(湿重),PFOA、PFOS和PFPrA为主要PFASs;与园区所在城市的鱼类等样品相比较,采自氟化学工业园区的鱼类体内富集了更多的PFAS.研究结果表明,常熟氟化学工业园区地表水环境PFOA和PFPrA污染较重,为目前国内最高水平;在园区河水和生物体内检测出高浓度的PFPrA,说明氟化学工业园区内部分工厂可能已使用短链氟化物替代PFOA和PFOS,在今后的研究中对PFPrA等短链全氟化合物的监测应给予更多关注.

柴达木盆地盐湖形成演化与水体来源关系的地球化学初步模拟:Pitzer模型的应用

利用Pitzer模型,对柴达木盆地盐湖、地表河水以及地表河水同深部来源的CaCl2水体以不同的比例混合后进一步演化的结晶路线进行了研究。结果表明,柴达木盆地硫酸镁亚型盐湖的结晶路线可分为四类,氯化物型盐湖的结晶路线可分为两类,他们的形成不可能是地表河水蒸发演化到一定阶段的产物。地表河水同深部来源CaCl2水体以不同比例混合掺杂后水体水化学类型及析盐途径各不相同,它们同盆地内不同盐湖的水化学类型及其析盐途径具有很好的对应关系,说明柴达木盆地盐湖的形成同盆地内存在的两种水体———地表河水和深部来源CaCl2水体有着密切的关系。

义马煤田煤矿水害规律与防治技术

为了掌握义马煤田水害规律以正确指导煤矿的防治水工作,分析研究了历次突水资料、地质构造、小煤矿分布、河流流经区域、主要含水层和隔水层、采煤厚度及采后导水裂隙发育情况等,指出:随着小煤矿的关闭、河道疏浚、浅部地裂缝充填和大矿采掘活动向深部转移,矿井主要水害由大气降水、地表河水和小窑水转化为顶板水;顶板水威胁主要在义马向斜的核部、采深大于700 m的区域,断层尖灭端和断层带富水性较强,顶板突水及其强度与采厚、周期来压关系密切。针对顶板水害,提出了采用"三图—双预测法"对顶板突水的水源、通道和强度做出预测和评价;采用井上下物探方法,圈出顶板疑似富水区,并进行采前预疏放;完善工作面排水系统,提高抗水灾能力等防治水技术。

三河尖煤矿降温新技术研究及应用

三河尖煤矿高温热害日益突出,严重影响了矿井的安全生产。针对三河尖煤矿这种冷源缺乏型矿井,提出以地表河水为新冷源的HEMS降温技术,实现矿井的降温。通过对72302工作面降温效果的分析,认定该系统大大改善了工作面高温高湿的作业环境,提高了矿井的经济效益。

Influence of Vegetation Coverage on Surface Runoff and Soil Moisture in Rainy Season in Dry-hot Valley

[Objective]The research aimed to study the effects of vegetation coverage on the changes of soil moisture in rainy season in dry-hot valley.[Method]The surface runoff and soil moisture of slope with vegetation coverage and bare land in rainy reason in Jinsha River at Yuanmou County of Yunnan Province were observed continuously.Moreover,the statistical analysis was made based on the observation data.[Result]The vegetation coverage could decrease surface runoff and the surface runoff on bare land（CK） was 22 times as the plot with vegetation coverage.The soil water content in 0-180 cm layer with vegetation coverage increased by 37.8% than bare land.The stability of soil moisture content in deep layer was enhanced and the physical properties stability of soil was maintained.The soil moisture content in different depth of soil had significant difference and the changes of soil moisture content were obviously different.[Conclusion]The vegetation coverage of slope could change the soil hydrology obviously and keep soil moisture at the higher level,especially at soil layer below 20 cm.

Study on water loss of the surface stream affected by iongwali mining

In order to study the effect of Iongwall mining on surface stream water, monitoring stations of water flow rate was established. A lot of water flowing data were collected before, during and after Iongwall mining. Based on monitoring data, the effects of Iongwall mining on surface stream water were analyzed. The results demonstrate that Iongwall mining has effects on the surface stream water; and the stream water would be lost and decrease due to Iongwall mining but never go into underground through fractured zone. Also, the mechanism of water loss due to Iongwall mining was presented. The stream water can go into the surface cracks in the intersection of stream and surface cracks, longwall mining subsidence can change the surface stream slope and the downstream water flowing status. The results also show the effects of Iongwall mining on stream water are temporary and about one or two years later, surface stream water can be recovered.

Influence on shallow ground water by heavy metal in polluted river

The main purpose of the research is to study the influence on shallow ground water by heavy metal in polluted river. In the lab-scale experiment polluted rivers were simulated by domestic sewage, and three kinds of natural sand were chosen as infiltration medium, it was found that Cr（Ⅵ）penetrated on the 13th day and then had a removal ratio of 77%-99% in coarse sand,over 91% and 96% in two kinds of medium sand. From beginning to end in column 2 and column 3 the removal ratio of lead were greater than 97%. It is difficult for Cr（Ⅵ） and lead to enter ground water. In on-site test it indicates that the concentration of Cr（Ⅵ） in No.1-3 and coal yard well along the bank of Liangshui River is not greater than background concentration in groundwater, so Cr （Ⅵ） in Liangshui River has a little influence on ground water. The mechanism of Cr（Ⅵ） removal is reducing action and sedimentation. The removal mechanism of lead primarily is chemical adsorption and generation deposit. Cr（Ⅵ） mainly is transformed to precipitation by reducing action because of abundant reduction agent in the infiltration media, so the tests indicat that polluted river is not the source of Cr （Ⅵ） pollution in ground water. Generally lead may polluted soil, but not groundwater.

Surface flow constructed wetland with composite plant bed for pretreatment of micro-polluted Yellow River raw water in China

In order to investigate the feasibility of pretreating the micro-polluted Yellow River raw water by constructed wetland, an experiment was conducted using a surface flow constructed wetland with composite plant bed. The contamination removal efficiency and their trends in the wetland treatment system were studied under different hydraulic loading rates(HLR). The contamination removal efficiencies were compared according to the seasonal change under optimum HLR. The result shows that in the same season, under different hydraulic loadings ranging from 2 to 6 m3/(m2·d) at the same period, the best HLR is 4 m3/(m2·d) in the experimental system. The average removal rates of COD, TN, ammoniacal nitrogen(NH4+-N), and TP in the constructed wetland are 38.37%, 45.97%, 39.86% and 41.69%, respectively. According to China Standard for Surface Water Resources (GB3838-2002), mean effluent of COD, TN, NH4+-N and TP can nearly reach Grade Ⅲ, GradeⅤ, GradeⅠand GradeⅠ, respectively. Furthermore, treatment efficiency of the system in summer is obvious higher than that in other seasons. The expenditure of constructing the constructed wetland with the average treating capacity of 176 m3/d and lifetime of 20 years is 17075.00 RMB. The average disposal cost is summed up to 0.17 RMB/m3, which shows that the pretreatment of the micro-polluted Yellow River raw water by constructed wetland is feasible.

MORPHOTECTONICS OF THE BASEMENT SURFACE OF THE WEST SIBERIAN BASIN WITHIN NADYM-TAZ INTERFLUVE

The map of reflecting horizon A, plotted on the basis of regional geophysical materials, yieldsinformation about the bottom topography of sedimentary cover of the West-Siberian Basin within Nadym-Taz interfluve. Through morphotectonic analysis about this surface, the authors are able tounderstand the distribution characteristics of the main topographic irregularities, with the blockstructure of the lower cover floors and underlying complexes as the focus.The largest irregularities are caused by the presence of three regional altitude steps, which show a regional tendency of basement being submerged in the north-north-east direction. Within these irregularities, the authors have distinguished some regions, which can be divided, based on the characteristics of morphostructural distribution, into two groups, i.e., areal (Nadym, Tol'ka, Urengoy)and belt (Tarko-Sale, Russko-Chasel'ka and Messoyakha). The first ones represent quasihomogeneous blocks, whose surfaces are complicated by irregular low-amplitude elevations and troughs and low-gradient zones with gradient values being up to 0.03, or they submerge stepwise, with the leveled areas being separated by zones with high gradients (0.07-0.15). The morphostructure of the other group of regions is characterized by the en-echelon distribution of contrastingly positive and negative elements with high values of slope gradients (higher than 0.1-0.2).

Projected changes in mean and interannual variability of surface water over continental China

Five General Circulation Model(GCM) climate projections under the RCP8.5 emission scenario were used to drive the Variable Infiltration Capacity(VIC) hydrologic model to investigate the impacts of climate change on hydrologic cycle over continental China in the 21 st century. The bias-corrected climatic variables were generated for the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC AR5) by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project(ISIMIP). Results showed much larger fractional changes of annual mean Evapotranspiration(ET) per unit warming than the corresponding fractional changes of Precipitation(P) per unit warming across the country, especially for South China, which led to a notable decrease of surface water variability(P-E). Specifically, negative trends for annual mean runoff up to -0.33%/ year and soil moisture trends varying between -0.02% to -0.13%/year were found for most river basins across China. Coincidentally, interannual variability for both runoff and soil moisture exhibited significant positive trends for almost all river basins across China, implying an increase in extremes relative to the mean conditions. Noticeably, the largest positive trends for runoff variability and soil moisture variability, which were up to 0.41%/year and 0.90%/year, both occurred in Southwest China. In addition to the regional contrast, intra-seasonal variation was also large for the runoff mean and runoff variability changes, but small for the soil moisture mean and variability changes. Our results suggest that future climate change could further exacerbate existing water-related risks(e.g., floods and droughts) across China as indicated by the marked decrease of surface water amounts combined with a steady increase of interannual variability throughout the 21 st century. This study highlights the regional contrast and intra-seasonal variations for the projected hydrologic changes and could provide a multi-scale guidance for assessing effective adaptation strategies for China on a river basin, regional, or as a whole.