地表河流水环境重金属污染风险评价

地表河流水环境安全是影响人民生命健康和社会经济可持续发展的重要因素,需要引起高度重视。地表河流水环境重金属污染风险评价是将河流水环境重金属污染与人体健康定量联系的一种新型评价方法。文章综合目前国内外地表河流水环境重金属污染风险评价的研究成果,建立了地表河流水环境健康风险评价模式。采用大渡河在雅安市汉源县三谷庄的监测断面数据进行水环境重金属污染风险评价,研究了地表河流水环境健康风险问题,得出定量的健康风险指标,为地表水风险管理和决策提供重要依据,为其地表河流水环境重金属污染健康风险评价提供参考。

丰水期地表河流水中泥沙沉降时间对总磷样品测定结果的影响分析

地表河流水中总磷含量高低是评定水质优劣的一项重要指标,分析数据表明丰水期中总磷主要来源于泥沙中吸附的有机磷和无机磷;水样中总磷含量随着泥沙沉降时间的延长而逐渐降低。因此样品采集回来后,样品的泥沙沉降时间是影响地表河流中总磷测定结果的一个主要原因。

湘西花垣县主要地表河流水重金属污染特征及健康风险评价

为探明湘西花垣主要地表河流水重金属污染的程度,评估河流地表水的健康风险,于2016年8月、12月分别采取花垣县主要河流花垣河与兄弟河11个点位地表水水样,对水样中重金属铅（Pb）、锌（Zn）、铬（Cr）、铜（Cu）、铁（Fe）、镍（Ni）进行监测,并采用美国环境保护局（USEPA）推荐的健康风险评价模型,对花垣县主要地表河流水中的重金属进行健康风险评价.结果显示,研究区地表河流水中Pb、Zn、Cr、Cu、Fe与Ni的含量分别为2.57×10^（-3）、4.66×10-4、1.65×10^（-3）、6.27×10^（-4）、0.19、8.50×10^（-4） mg/L.地表河流水中重金属产生的健康风险较高,化学致癌物（Cr）的健康风险值高于化学非致癌物质（Pb、Zn、Cu、Ni）5-6个数量级,化学非致癌物质产生的健康风险均值大小为Pb〉Cu〉Zn〉Ni.地表河流水相关性及主成分分析表明,花垣县主要地表河流水中6种重金属元素由3个主成分组成,第一主成分Fe与Ni的贡献率为33.28%,主要来源于内源;第二主成分Cu与Cr的贡献率为26.98%,主要来源于重金属采选与冶炼企业产生的工业外排废水或雨水淋溶矿物废渣;第三主成分Zn的贡献率为17.10%,来源于地球化学行为.本研究表明湘西花垣县主要地表河流水由重金属引起的健康风险值较高,优先控制顺序为Cr〉Pb〉Cu〉Zn〉Ni.

长安八水有机污染物动态分布及对渭河干流水环境的影响

将长安八水(渭、泾、沣、涝、潏、滈、浐、灞八条河流)的水环境质量变化做为主要研究目的,揭示八条河流全流域水污染物特别是可溶性化学有机污染物(DOM)的动态分布特征。基于Matlab软件-三维荧光光谱技术(EEM),并结合平行因子算法(PARAFAC)对水中有机物进行定性和定量表征。通过荧光数据模型中核心一致性诊断、残差平方和以及拆半检验物理意义的分析,合理估计荧光物质成分数,实现了PARAFAC方法对其成分的分解,并揭示支流河流对干流河流的有机物的影响,推动EEMs-PARAFAC法在更广泛的环境监测中的应用。

兰州预处理水厂超高浊度原水应急处理技术

本论述针对西北地区以地表河流水为水源的自来水水厂,当取水口上游受强降雨极端天气发生山洪,雨水将地表松土冲刷带入河流,或水库排沙等不可控因素,短时间造成原水水体中所含沙土量剧增而形成超高浊度水的原因[1]进行了描述,并以兰州原水预处理厂2018年7月23日每立方原水中最高含沙量242公斤处理过程为例,在不同阶段实施不同的技术办法成功应对供水危机。本论述提炼出了西北地区地表水水源水厂,通过什么方法捕捉超高浊度水信息、怎样应急预防准备、洪水来临后各生产环节、设备构筑物等怎样运行管理的超高浊度原水处理技术。

Influence of Vegetation Coverage on Surface Runoff and Soil Moisture in Rainy Season in Dry-hot Valley

[Objective]The research aimed to study the effects of vegetation coverage on the changes of soil moisture in rainy season in dry-hot valley.[Method]The surface runoff and soil moisture of slope with vegetation coverage and bare land in rainy reason in Jinsha River at Yuanmou County of Yunnan Province were observed continuously.Moreover,the statistical analysis was made based on the observation data.[Result]The vegetation coverage could decrease surface runoff and the surface runoff on bare land（CK） was 22 times as the plot with vegetation coverage.The soil water content in 0-180 cm layer with vegetation coverage increased by 37.8% than bare land.The stability of soil moisture content in deep layer was enhanced and the physical properties stability of soil was maintained.The soil moisture content in different depth of soil had significant difference and the changes of soil moisture content were obviously different.[Conclusion]The vegetation coverage of slope could change the soil hydrology obviously and keep soil moisture at the higher level,especially at soil layer below 20 cm.

Study on water loss of the surface stream affected by iongwali mining

In order to study the effect of Iongwall mining on surface stream water, monitoring stations of water flow rate was established. A lot of water flowing data were collected before, during and after Iongwall mining. Based on monitoring data, the effects of Iongwall mining on surface stream water were analyzed. The results demonstrate that Iongwall mining has effects on the surface stream water; and the stream water would be lost and decrease due to Iongwall mining but never go into underground through fractured zone. Also, the mechanism of water loss due to Iongwall mining was presented. The stream water can go into the surface cracks in the intersection of stream and surface cracks, longwall mining subsidence can change the surface stream slope and the downstream water flowing status. The results also show the effects of Iongwall mining on stream water are temporary and about one or two years later, surface stream water can be recovered.

Influence on shallow ground water by heavy metal in polluted river

The main purpose of the research is to study the influence on shallow ground water by heavy metal in polluted river. In the lab-scale experiment polluted rivers were simulated by domestic sewage, and three kinds of natural sand were chosen as infiltration medium, it was found that Cr（Ⅵ）penetrated on the 13th day and then had a removal ratio of 77%-99% in coarse sand,over 91% and 96% in two kinds of medium sand. From beginning to end in column 2 and column 3 the removal ratio of lead were greater than 97%. It is difficult for Cr（Ⅵ） and lead to enter ground water. In on-site test it indicates that the concentration of Cr（Ⅵ） in No.1-3 and coal yard well along the bank of Liangshui River is not greater than background concentration in groundwater, so Cr （Ⅵ） in Liangshui River has a little influence on ground water. The mechanism of Cr（Ⅵ） removal is reducing action and sedimentation. The removal mechanism of lead primarily is chemical adsorption and generation deposit. Cr（Ⅵ） mainly is transformed to precipitation by reducing action because of abundant reduction agent in the infiltration media, so the tests indicat that polluted river is not the source of Cr （Ⅵ） pollution in ground water. Generally lead may polluted soil, but not groundwater.

Surface flow constructed wetland with composite plant bed for pretreatment of micro-polluted Yellow River raw water in China

In order to investigate the feasibility of pretreating the micro-polluted Yellow River raw water by constructed wetland, an experiment was conducted using a surface flow constructed wetland with composite plant bed. The contamination removal efficiency and their trends in the wetland treatment system were studied under different hydraulic loading rates(HLR). The contamination removal efficiencies were compared according to the seasonal change under optimum HLR. The result shows that in the same season, under different hydraulic loadings ranging from 2 to 6 m3/(m2·d) at the same period, the best HLR is 4 m3/(m2·d) in the experimental system. The average removal rates of COD, TN, ammoniacal nitrogen(NH4+-N), and TP in the constructed wetland are 38.37%, 45.97%, 39.86% and 41.69%, respectively. According to China Standard for Surface Water Resources (GB3838-2002), mean effluent of COD, TN, NH4+-N and TP can nearly reach Grade Ⅲ, GradeⅤ, GradeⅠand GradeⅠ, respectively. Furthermore, treatment efficiency of the system in summer is obvious higher than that in other seasons. The expenditure of constructing the constructed wetland with the average treating capacity of 176 m3/d and lifetime of 20 years is 17075.00 RMB. The average disposal cost is summed up to 0.17 RMB/m3, which shows that the pretreatment of the micro-polluted Yellow River raw water by constructed wetland is feasible.

Projected changes in mean and interannual variability of surface water over continental China

Five General Circulation Model(GCM) climate projections under the RCP8.5 emission scenario were used to drive the Variable Infiltration Capacity(VIC) hydrologic model to investigate the impacts of climate change on hydrologic cycle over continental China in the 21 st century. The bias-corrected climatic variables were generated for the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC AR5) by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project(ISIMIP). Results showed much larger fractional changes of annual mean Evapotranspiration(ET) per unit warming than the corresponding fractional changes of Precipitation(P) per unit warming across the country, especially for South China, which led to a notable decrease of surface water variability(P-E). Specifically, negative trends for annual mean runoff up to -0.33%/ year and soil moisture trends varying between -0.02% to -0.13%/year were found for most river basins across China. Coincidentally, interannual variability for both runoff and soil moisture exhibited significant positive trends for almost all river basins across China, implying an increase in extremes relative to the mean conditions. Noticeably, the largest positive trends for runoff variability and soil moisture variability, which were up to 0.41%/year and 0.90%/year, both occurred in Southwest China. In addition to the regional contrast, intra-seasonal variation was also large for the runoff mean and runoff variability changes, but small for the soil moisture mean and variability changes. Our results suggest that future climate change could further exacerbate existing water-related risks(e.g., floods and droughts) across China as indicated by the marked decrease of surface water amounts combined with a steady increase of interannual variability throughout the 21 st century. This study highlights the regional contrast and intra-seasonal variations for the projected hydrologic changes and could provide a multi-scale guidance for assessing effective adaptation strategies for China on a river basin, regional, or as a whole.