Study on Status quo of Nutrients in Soils of Farmlands in Gonggar County and Related Countermeasures

[Objective] The aim was to analyze nutrients distribution and proportion in soils of farmlands of Gonggar County in Tibet. [Method] According to survey of soils in Tibet, nutrients of farmlands in Gonggar County were analyzed and the countermeasures were proposed to achieve sustainable development of nutrients in soils. [Result] In Gonggar County in Tibet, farmlands with insufficient and less organic matter occupy 58.38%; farmlands with moderate contents of total N occupy 47.71%; farmlands with insufficient and less alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen represent 82.36%; the farmlands with moderate and rich total P take up 49.40% and 21.59% ; farmlands with insufficient and less rapidly available P represent 67.33%; farmlands with richer and rich total K occupy 76.14% ; farmlands with moderate and insufficient rapidly available K represent 72.21%. [Conclusion] Based on nutrients in soils of farmlands, the countermeasures for sustainable utilization of nutrients in farmlands are proposed, including increase of organic fertilizer, soil testing and formulated fertilization and adjustment of acid-base balance.

Water holding effect of subalpine dark coniferous forest soil in Gongga Mountain, China

Because of the distinction of soil property and humus content, soil water content is not ideal to indicate whether it is suitable to the growth of plant. Mainly based on the PF-a numerical value denoting the water regime of soil and connected with the growth of plant, the study combined the moisture percentage of soil with PF to research in quantity the interrelation between the moisture percentage and PF in different succession phases of subalpine dark coniferous forest in Gongga Mountain. The results showed that: (1) In the same PF value, the moisture percentage in humus horizon increased gradually with the devel-opment of the succession of the dark coniferous forest; The moisture percentage of over-mature forest was the highest and>mature forest>half-mature forest>young growth forest; (2) With the increase of soil depth, the soil bulk density increased and the moisture percentage decreased, but the difference in the percentage of moisture was not notable in different succession phases. (3) In different succession series, the vegetation affected the soil water characteristics by increasing the soil organic matter, improving the soil construction, receding the soil bulk density and enhancing the soil porosity; (4) The humus horizon of the dark coniferous forest soil has the highest water holding capability in this region.

Study on Seismicity Triggered by Water Injection in Mine Wells in Zigong Using ETAS Model

In order to reveal the relationship between water injection in mine wells in the Zigong area and seismicity, we divide the historical earthquakes of ML ≥ 1.2 into 3 phases according to seismicity behavior, and the ETAS model parameters are then inversed by the POWELL method. The results show that phase 1 and 2, in which there is no water injection, have moderate-to-low ratio of background earthquakes （40 % - 50 % ）, and aftershocks are relatively less for a single earthquake sequence. In phase 3, where there is water injection, the aftershocks triggered by foreshocks dominate （ 93. 1% ）, and background earthquakes amount only to 6. 9 %, less than those of phase 1 and 2. The results conflict with the existing cognition. To resolve this problem, we propose that the occurrence ratio of background earthquakes in unit time, that is, the p value in ETAS model is used as an indicator of water injection triggered earthquakes. Compared to the first two phases, phase 3 has the largest u value, which illustrates that the water injection has an obvious triggering effect on earthquakes of this region.

Studies on Wetland Biodiversity in China

This paper briefly summarizes the history of wetland research, the evolvement of wetland science, and their impacts on the understanding of wetland biodiversity in China. A marsh is the key type and basic component of a wetland. Defining the marsh and wetland plants is the basis for understanding the wetland and its biodiversity. The comprehensive multiple factorial classification principles and the multiple developmental models of the wetland are two innovative feats achieved by Chinese scientists, and their application has further promoted ecological research. The CAS Wetland Research Center has made historic contributions to the study of the wetland and its biodiversity in China. Also, the paper discusses several important tasks of wetland and biodiversity research.

Temperature and Precipitation Variations at Two Meteorological Stations on Eastern Slope of Gongga Mountain,SW China in the Past Two Decades

Gongga Mountain, locates on the eastern edge of Tibetan Plateau of China, is the highest mountain in China except summits in Tibet. Only limited meteorological data on Gongga Mountain have been published so far. Here we present the meteorological records from two stations, Moxi Station （at 1,621.7 m above sea level （a.s.1.）, 1992- 2010） and Hailuogou Station （at 2,947.8 m a.s.l., 1988-2010）, on the eastern slope of Gongga Mountain. In the past two decades, the annual precipitation decreased while the annual mean temperature increased at Hailuogou Station. Both precipitation and temperature increased at Moxi Station. The precipitation variation on the eastern slope of Gongga Mountain is influenced by both East Asian Monsoon and Indian Monsoon, so that the precipitation concentrated between May and October. The temperature variation on the eastern slope of Gongga Mountain in the past two decades showed similar trends as that of the northern hemispheric and global. In the past two decades, the temperature increased o.35℃ and o.3℃/decade at Hailuogou Station and Moxi Station respectively, which was higher than the increase extents of northern hemispheric and global temperature. The most intense warming occurred at the first decade of 21St century. The winter temperature increased more at Hailuogou Station than at Moxi Station. A remarkable increase of temperature in March was observed with only a little precipitation at both high and low altitude stations.

学好本领 永不自满(社论)

在伟大的社会主义建設当中、我們怎样才能够更好地貢献出自己的力量昵?这是我們的許多同志經常放在心上要求解答的一个問題。社会主义革命和建設的实践証明,我們每一个干部,要想把工作做好,不但要有忠心耿耿的革命热情,而且要有充分的知識和本領。这两方面缺一不可。如果你对于社会主义事业只有热情,而缺乏必要的知識,你就沒有本領,就不能把事情做得一天比一天好,你的热情就是空的。只有对于社会主义事业既充滿着热情,又具备着丰富的知識,

Soil phosphorus bioavailability assessed by XANES and Hedley sequential fractionation technique in a glacier foreland chronosequence in Gongga Mountain, Southwestern China

The primary productivity of terrestrial ecosystems is influenced by soil phosphorus bioavailability, which depends largely on chemical fractions of phosphorus. The sequential fractionation technique developed by Hedley et al. or its subsequent modification is a well-known method to determine soil phosphorus forms. Hedley sequential fractionation technique separates the phosphorus into fractions based on their different chemical solubilities in extractants with certain chemical properties. Recently, synchrotron-based X-ray absorption near edge structure(XANES) spectroscopy has been employed to measure soil phosphorus species directly and non-invasively. The XANES method provides information concerning local structure and chemical information of target elements at a molecular level. Thus, it can distinguish phosphorus fractions bound by metal oxides or hydroxides(such as Fe, Al, and Ca). In this present work, the phosphorus speciation of topsoil along a glacial foreland chronosequence in Gongga Mountain is determined using these two methods. The changes in soil phosphorus bioavailability along the 120-year-old chronosequence are assessed based on comparisons of the results obtained by these two methods. The results indicate that Hedley sequential fractionation technique shows a greater ability to determine soil bioavailable phosphorus(Resin-P and NaCHO3-P), while XANES is effective in distinguishing phosphorus bound by metal compounds. In the chronosequence, Ca- and Al-bound phosphorus were derived mainly from primary minerals, whose phosphorus contents decreased within 120 years of moraine weathering and soil development. The content of soil bioavailable phosphorus increased rapidly after 30 years since deglaciation. The increasing phosphorus bioavailability promoted the colonizing and primary succession vegetation.

A procedure to assess the spatial variability in the importance of abiotic factors affecting distributions： the case of world freshwater fishes

Understanding the factors shaping species＇ distributions is a key longstanding topic in ecology with unresolved issues. The aims were to test whether the relative contribution of abiotic factors that set the geographical range of freshwater fish species may vary spatially and/or may depend on the geographical extent that is being considered. The relative contribution of factors, to discriminate between the conditions prevailing in the area where the species is present and those existing in the considered extent, was estimated with the instability index included in the R pack- age SPEDInstabR. We used 3 different extent sizes： 1） each river basin where the species is present （local）; 2） all river basins where the species is present （regional）; and 3） the whole Earth （global）. We used a data set of 16,543 freshwater fish species with a total of 845,764 geographical records, together with bioclimatic and topographic variables. Factors associated with tempera- ture and altitude show the highest relative contribution to explain the distribution of freshwater fishes at the smaller considered extent. Altitude and a mix of factors associated with temperature and precipitation were more important when using the regional extent. Factors associated with precipitation show the highest contribution when using the global extent. There was also spatial variability in the importance of factors, both between species and within species and from region to region. Factors associated with precipitation show a clear latitudinal trend of decreasing in importance toward the equator.

Ecological speciation in Darwin＇s finches： Parsing the effects of magic traits

Many recent studies of ecological speciation have focused on ＂magic trait＂ scenarios, in which divergent selection on viability traits leads inextricably to corresponding divergence in mechanisms, especially mate recognition systems, that facilitate assortative mating. Speciation however may also proceed via other scenarios, such as when populations experience directly se- lected or random divergence in mate recognition systems. The relative contributions of magic trait versus other scenarios for speciation remain virtually unexplored. The present study aims to test the relative contribution of the magic trait scenario in the divergence of populations of the medium ground finch Geospiza fortis of Santa Cruz Island, Galapagos. First, we assess differ- ences in G. fortis song between a northern population （Borrero Bay） and a southeastern population （El Garrapatero）, differences that we propose （along with other within-island geographic song variations） have arisen via scenarios that do not involve a magic trait scenario. Pairwise comparisons of raw and composite （PC） song parameters, as well as discriminant functions analyses, re- veal significant patterns of song divergence between sites. Second, we test the ability of territorial males at Borrero Bay to dis- criminate songs from the two sites. We find that G. fortis males can discriminate within-island song variants, responding more strongly to local than to ＂foreign＂ songs, along 3 raw and 1 composite response measures. Third, we compare these findings to prior data sets on song divergence and discrimination in Santa Cruz G. fortis. These comparisons suggest that song divergence and discrimination are shaped less strongly by geographic sources than by morphological （beak-related） sources. We thus argue that interpopulation song divergence and discrimination, fundamental elements of assortative mating in Darwin＇s finches, can be fos- tered in early stages of divergence under magic trait as well as alternative scenarios for speciation, but with more emphasis on the magic trait scenario, at least for this species on this island [Current Zoology 59 （1）： 8-19, 2013].

Contribution of tropical cyclone rainfall at categories to total precipitation over the Western North Pacific from 1998 to 2007

Based on 10 years precipitation data from Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission （TRMM） Multi-satellite Precipitation Analysis （TMPA） 3B42 and the best track data from China Meteorological Administration （CMA）, the seasonal, monthly and annual contribution of tropical cyclone （TC） precipitation to the total rainfall are analyzed over the Western North Pacific （WNP） during 1998 to 2007 from May to December. The results show that： （1） TC seasonal rainfall contribution ranges from 4% in inland regions to above 40% in ocean-regions of 15°N-25°N. TCs at higher categories contribute much more to the total precipitation. （2） On monthly scale, TCs contribute 60% to the total rainfall regionally during whole TC season, which is the maximum contribution. The peak contribution of TC rainfall averaged in multi-months of the ten years occurs in August （28%） over the whole ocean impacted by TC and in December （23%） over the whole land impacted by TC, respectively. （3） On annual scale, the maximum contribution of TC precipitation to the total rainfall are in 2004 （-30%） over ocean and in 1998 （-20%） over land, respectively. （4） The contribution of TC precipitation to the total rainfall increases 6% （decreases 6%） in El Nino （La Nifia） years compared with neutral years.