地铁模型试验测量与火灾模拟

本文主要在缩尺度的地铁模型中进行研究,得出楼梯口的风速分布以及隧道门开启不同的面积对楼梯口风速的影响.测出满足《地铁设计规范》要求的楼梯口处风速不小于1.5 m/s的工况条件,并在此工况下进行了现场火灾实验,证明了此工况能够有效地排除烟气,防止烟气向上层蔓延,试验所测数据都通过拉依达准则进行验证,数据可靠,为进一步的地铁火灾试验奠定基础.

地铁车站模型地震破坏连续-离散耦合模拟分析

基于北京地区典型地铁车站结构的大型振动台试验建立了有限差分-颗粒流离散元耦合模型,对车站结构模型的地震响应和破坏现象进行了模拟分析。在耦合计算模型中,土体采用连续模型,结构采用颗粒流离散元模型模拟,在FLAC边界节点处建立接触面,将FLAC在大应变模式计算的位移通过接触面传输给PFC;并将颗粒与接触面计算的相互作用力传输给FLAC,作为施加在各节点上的力,从而实现并行耦合运算。结果表明,模型的计算结果与试验结果拟合得较好;地震加载过程中,柱板、墙板节点为地铁车站模型结构的薄弱部位;模型的整个破坏过程和能量转化过程分为3个阶段进行;颗粒孔隙率、配位数和接触力的变化以及能量的转化规律能够反映结构的破坏过程。

基于手机数据的地铁线网清分模型验证与优化

如何高效准确地验证并优化地铁线网票款清分清算模型是地铁行业一直以来的研究重点。地铁票款清分清算模型大多是基于概率分布的出行路径选择模型。该类模型应用出行时间对应选择概率的正态分布得到乘客对不同出行路径的选择概率,结合不同出行路径上各个线路运营商的运营里程比,即可计算得到所谓的"清分因子"。为验证现有清分模型的准确性,提出使用手机数据重建乘客出行轨迹的方法。通过在地铁线网换乘节点安装无线探测装置,获取乘客智能手机唯一的MAC地址,将乘客出现的时间、地点信息实时发送到数据处理后台,按照时间先后排列捕获乘客出现的地点,以此重建出行轨迹。目前只有开启Wi Fi功能的智能手机可以被捕获。通过这一方法,不仅可以验证地铁票款清分清算模型,还可以进一步对模型参数进行修正。本研究在杭州市地铁线网中进行实验,通过重建当地乘客实际出行路径,对票款清分清算模型进行验证和修正。

浅析SAP2000地铁车站模型的建立及运行

SAP2000作为通用的有限元分析软件,应用于各种工程的设计分析,本文主要介绍用SAP2000建地铁车站模型的过程以及简要分析。

成网条件下地铁换乘量预测方法研究

换乘量预测是换乘站设计、客流组织及安全应急预案编制的重要基础。近年来,地铁网络化运营快速发展,成网条件下地铁换乘量预测成为一个亟待解决的问题。本文在研究成网条件下乘客路径选择行为的基础上,结合全网客流分布规律,提出成网条件下地铁换乘量预测方法。首先,考虑乘车时间、换乘次数、换乘时间和拥挤度等地铁服务水平变量后,通过引入角度费用指标表述路网结构和路径走向等网络特征对乘客路径选择的影响,建立地铁乘客出行路径选择模型,分析乘客潜在的路径选择偏好。其次,基于各因素等效乘车时间换算和乘客对出行时间的容忍程度分析,使用K-最短路算法构造所有站点间的有效路径集合,结合首末班车限制设计MSA法进行随机网络客流加载,提出不同时间粒度下各换乘站换乘量的统计算法。最后,基于本算法对北京市地铁换乘量进行预测,结果表明:角度费用对乘客的路径选择行为产生显著影响,全天换乘量的分时变化规律与实际情况相符,使用本方法预测换乘量具有较好的可靠性和准确度。

中国城市地铁建设准入标准研究

本文在构建地铁网络客运增长模型的基础上讨论中国城市建设地铁的准入标准。模型表明,地铁客运量与地铁网络规模及其连通性有关,三线路环形正交地铁网络客运量是单线路客运量的16倍,在每公里投资不变的情况下,单线路每单位投资收益只有三线路环形正交地铁网络的四分之一。进一步的研究表明,中国城市地铁建设的首要准入标准是常住人口在300万以上,其次是地方财政一般预算收入的120亿元标准,而国内生产总值的1000亿元以上的标准已经没有存在的必要。在满足人口标准和采用三线路环形正交地铁网络情况下,最大单向客运量标准也无存在的必要。

隧道活塞风速计算方法及其影响因素分析

针对隧道内活塞风会对安全门和广告灯箱等引起破坏的问题,开展了地铁单线无风井和有风井两种形式的隧道空气动力学特性分析,建立了隧道各断面之间的一维伯努利方程和流体连续性方程,研究了不同形式隧道下活塞风速的理论计算模型.并使用SES软件建立其仿真模型对计算模型的结果进行验证,重点研究了对活塞风速影响的主要因素.结果表明:隧道内活塞风速与列车速度、列车长度和列车外表面光洁度等成正比例关系,而活塞风井高度、断面面积和风井位置等参数对活塞风速影响不大.所提出的计算模型可用于实际工程中活塞风速的简便计算.

Numerical Simulation of Air Distribution for Tianjin Subway Station

In rebuilding Tianjin Metro, numerical simulations are performed to evaluate the original design of the ventilation system of Southwest Station and a new system is given to optimize the velocity and temperature fields at the station. Field measurements are conducted to validate the turbulence model and acquire boundary conditions. The simulation result tallies with testing data on the sport that is found that two-equation turbulence model is acceptable in simulating complex flow at the station. A method of simplifying the simulation of the transient flow at the station into steady flow is used and the validation criterion for this simulation is also given.

Prediction of vibrations from underground trains on Beijing metro line 15

The impact of vibrations due to underground trains on Beijing metro line 15 on sensitive equipment in the Institute of Microelectronics of Tsinghua University was discussed to propose a viable solution to mitigate the vibrations.Using the state-of-the-art three-dimensional coupled periodic finite element-boundary element(FE-BE) method,the dynamic track-tunnel-soil interaction model for metro line 15 was used to predict vibrations in the free field at a train speed of 80 km/h.Three types of tracks(direct fixation fasteners,floating slab track and floating ladder track) on the Beijing metro network were considered in the model. For each track,the acceleration response in the free field was obtained.The numerical results show that the influence of vibrations from underground trains on sensitive equipment depends on the track types.At frequencies above 10 Hz,the floating slab track with a natural frequency of 7 Hz can be effective to attenuate the vibrations.

Route optimization model for pedestrian evacuation in metro hubs

The route optimization problem for road networks was applied to pedestrian flow.Evacuation path networks with nodes and arcs considering the traffic capacities of facilities were built in metro hubs,and a path impedance function for metro hubs which used the relationships among circulation speed,density and flow rate for pedestrians was defined.Then,a route optimization model which minimizes the movement time of the last evacuee was constructed to optimize evacuation performance.Solutions to the proposed mathematical model were obtained through an iterative optimization process.The route optimization model was applied to Xidan Station of Beijing Metro Line 4 based on the actual situations,and the calculation results of the model were tested using buildingExodus microscopic evacuation simulation software.The simulation result shows that the proposed model shortens the evacuation time by 16.05%,3.15% and 2.78% compared with all or none method,equally split method and Logit model,respectively.Furthermore,when the population gets larger,evacuation efficiency in the proposed model has a greater advantage.

Dynamic analysis of subway station subjected to internal blast loading

The study was motivated by the fact that explosion inside the subway structure may not only cause direct life loss,but also damage the subway structure and lead to further loss of lives and properties.The propagation law of explosion wave in the subway station was analyzed and a simplified model of overpressure in the subway station was also proposed.Whereafter,the improved dynamic cam-clay model of soil and the concrete damaged plasticity constitutive model were used for the dynamic analysis of the subway station.Meanwhile,the influences of soil stiffness and burial depth on the dynamic response of the subway station were looked into.The results show that the multi-peak overpressure in the subway station does not appear,and large stresses concentrate on the central column and the floor slab of the subway station,so some special reinforcement measures should be taken in these parts.The effect of soil stiffness and burial depth on the stress of the central column is little;however,the effect on the stress of the station side wall is relatively obvious.

Analysis of Smoke Distribution in the Subway Station with Various Main Tunnel Ventilations

Fire-driven flow analysis in the underground subway station has been performed with various main tunnel ventilations. Shin-gum-ho station （depth： 46 m） in Seoul is selected as a simulation model. The ventilation mode is assumed to be emergency state. Various main tunnel ventilations are applied to operate in a proper way for helping of smoke exhaustion in platform. The entire station is covered for simulation. Ventilation diffusers are modeled as 95 square shapes of 0.6 m × 0.6 m in the lobby and as 222 square shapes of 0.6 m × 0.6 m and four rectangular shapes of 1.2 m × 0.8 m in the platform. The total of 7.5 million grids is generated and whole domain is divided to 22 blocks for MPI （massage passing interface） efficiency of calculation. LES （large eddy simulation） is applied to solve the momentum equation. Smagorinsky model （Cs = 0.2） is used as SGS （subgrid scale） model. The distribution of CO （carbon monoxide） is calculated for various capacity of main tunnel ventilation and compared with each other.

Passenger Flow Status Evaluation in Subway Station Based on Probabilistic Neural Network

This paper select the escalator with large flow in the station as the object, analysing the correlation of the AFC data of the in and out gates and the passenger flow parameters by passenger flow density and the passing time acquired and calculated in the waiting area of the prediction escalator to select the gates related to the predicted the escalator. NARX neural network is used to predict the model of the passenger flow parameters of the escalator waiting area based on the related gates＇ AFC data, then a probabilistic neural network model was established by using the AFC data and predicted passenger flow parameters as input and the passenger flow status in the escalator waiting area of subway station as output.The result shows the predicting model can predict the passenger flow status of the escalator waiting area better by the AFC data in the subway station. Research result can provide decision basis for the operation management of the subway station.

Probabilistic model for remain passenger queues at subway station platform

The remain passenger problem at subway station platform was defined initially,and the period variation of remain passenger queues at platform was investigated through arriving and boarding analyses.Taking remain passenger queues at platform as dynamic stochastic process,a new probabilistic queuing method was developed based on probabilistic theory and discrete time Markov chain theory.This model can calculate remain passenger queues while considering different directions.Considering the stable or variable train arriving period and different platform crossing types,a series of model deformation research was carried out.The probabilistic approach allows to capture the cyclic behavior of queues,measures the uncertainty of a queue state prediction by computing the evolution of its probability in time,and gives any temporal distribution of the arrivals.Compared with the actual data,the deviation of experimental results is less than 20%,which shows the efficiency of probabilistic approach clearly.

Modeling of Earth Magnetic Field Disturbances Induced by Ferromagnetic Objects

This paper presents the methodology and results of modelling of Earth magnetic field disturbances induced by ferromagnetic objects. The modeling was carried out using the finite elements calculations, and the results were compared with the measurements. The special test stand, consisting of magnetovision scanner and Helmholtz coils, has been used. The measurement system is able to measure the distribution of planar magnetic induction vectors, and to differentiate the sources of measured disturbances.

Field acoustic measurements of high-speed train sound along BTIR

In this paper,single-point field measurements of noise radiated from high-speed trains were performed at two sites along Beijing-Tianjin intercity railway(BTIR),aiming at acquiring the realistic acoustic data for validation and verification of physical model and computational prediction.The measurements showed that A-weighted sound pressure levels(SPLs) were between 80 and 87 dBA as trains passed.The maximum noise occurred at the moment when the pantograph arrived,suggesting that pantograph noise was one of the most significant sources.Sound radiated from high-speed trains of BTIR was a typical broadband spectrum with most acoustic power restricted in the range of medium-high frequency from about 400 Hz to 5 kHz.Aerodynamic noise was shown to be the dominant one over other acoustic sources for high-speed trains.

Ground-borne vibrations due to dynamic loadings from moving trains in subway tunnels

In this study,ground vibrations due to dynamic loadings from trains moving in subway tunnels were investigated using a 2.5D finite element model of an underground tunnel and surrounding soil interactions.In our model,wave propagation in the infinitely extended ground is dealt with using a simple,yet efficient gradually damped artificial boundary.Based on the assumption of invariant geometry and material distribution in the tunnel's direction,the Fourier transform of the spatial dimension in this direction is applied to represent the waves in terms of the wave-number.Finite element discretization is employed in the cross-section perpendicular to the tunnel direction and the governing equations are solved for every discrete wave-number.The 3D ground responses are calculated from the wave-number expansion by employing the inverse Fourier transform.The accuracy of the proposed analysis method is verified by a semi-analytical solution of a rectangular load moving inside a soil stratum.A case study of subway train induced ground vibration is presented and the dependency of wave attenuation at the ground surface on the vibration frequency of the moving load is discussed.