浅埋偏压条件下特大断面隧道地震动态响应的试验研究

以福州市二环路金鸡山隧道为工程原型,设计制作了浅埋偏压条件下特大断面隧道的1/30缩尺模型,完成了20种工况下的模拟地震动试验,重点关注隧道模型加速度、衬砌接触压力、衬砌表面应力的地震动态响应。隧道中轴面各测点PHA放大系数随高程呈近似对数型增大,改变了原场地高程效应的表现形式;隧道模型的第一卓越频率与EL波的卓越频率较为接近,其共振效应使得EL波激励引起的高程效应明显大于其他地震波。靠山侧衬砌结构所承担的地震动附加压力显著大于临空侧,且在大振幅激励下,其拱腰所承担的地震动附加压力反而大于拱脚。隧道衬砌结构的扁平率和几何曲率,对其动应力峰值的分布均有显著影响,尤其是在大振幅激励下,靠山侧拱脚处的动应力峰值显著大于其他部位。衬砌结构的裂缝发展形态特征,与接触压力峰值及动应力峰值沿衬砌环向分布的规律是相一致的。上述成果为浅埋偏压条件下特大断面隧道抗震设防提供了参考。

含软弱夹层锚框支护边坡地震动态响应的数值模拟研究

在已完成的振动台模型试验基础上,进一步采用数值模拟方法定量研究含软弱夹层锚框支护边坡的地震动态响应规律.坡面与坡内各测点处的水平加速度峰值(PHA)放大系数均随高程增加而非线性增大,表现出明显的鞭梢效应;但软弱夹层的存在改变了其附近测点高程效应表现形式,并在大振幅工况下表现出明显的隔震效应.小振幅工况下,各测点处的正负向水平土压力峰值(PEP)震荡系数都大致相等;随着地震动幅值增大,最小动土压力逐渐趋于为零(几乎脱空);而最大动土压力可高达静止土压力的4~7倍.高频成分丰富的WC波,其卓越频率与边坡自振频率较接近,故其引起加速度与土压力动态响应,均明显大于其他类型地震波.以上数值模拟所反映的含软弱夹层锚框支护边坡地震动态响应规律,与振动台模型试验结果大致吻合.但从量值上看,数值模拟中PHA放大系数(坡顶部位)和PEP震荡系数(正向)均明显大于模型试验结果,认为模型试验中相似材料超强设计、测点布设过少等缺点,应在进一步研究中予以克服.

偏压条件下特大断面隧道地震动态响应的数值模拟研究

以福州市二环路金鸡山隧道为工程背景,利用数值模拟方法研究偏压条件下特大断面隧道的地震动态响应(包括地层加速度及衬砌接触压力的动态响应),并与已完成的振动台模型试验结果相互对比验证.数值模拟结果表明:地层各测点的PHA放大系数,沿地层中轴面及衬砌边缘随高程呈对数型增长,沿临空侧坡面随高程呈指数型增长;中上部地层各测点的PHA放大系数,随地震动幅值增大呈近似线性减小趋势,而下部地层各测点的PHA放大系数则基本不变.上述数值模拟结果所表现出的高程效应,与模型试验结果基本一致.另一方面,由于地形偏压影响,静止工况下隧道衬砌上的接触压力表现出一定的偏压效应;随着地震动幅值增大,其偏压效应被进一步放大,大震幅工况下靠山侧衬砌所承担的最大接触压力约为静止工况的3倍,最小接触压力几乎为零(即衬砌与围岩完全脱空).但相比于模型试验,本次数值模拟中的衬砌始终设置为弹性状态,可能高估了其所承担的接触压力.

Dynamic response characteristics of super high-rise buildings subjected to long-period ground motions

Spectrum characteristics of different types of seismic waves and dynamic response characteristics of super high-rise building structures under long-period ground motions were comparatively analyzed. First, the ground response wave （named LS-R wave） of a soft soil site with deep deposit, taking long-period bedrock seismic record as input, was calculated by wave propagation method. After that, a TOMAKOMAI station long-period seismic record from the Tokachi-Oki earthquake and conventional E1-Centro wave were also chosen. Spectrum characteristics of these waves were analyzed and compared. Then, a series of shaking table tests were performed on a 1：50 scale super high-rise structural model under these seismic waves. Furthermore, numerical simulation of the prototype structure under these excitations was conducted, and structure damages under different intensive ground motions were discussed. The results show that： 1） Spectrum characteristics of ground response wave are significantly influenced by soft soil site with deep deposit, and the predominant period has an increasing trend. 2） The maximum acceleration amplification factor of the structure under the TOM wave is two times that under the E1-Centro wave; while the maximum displacement response of the structure under the TOM wave is 4.4 times that under the E1-Centro wave. Long-period ground motions show greater influences on displacement responses than acceleration responses for super high-rise building structures. 3） Most inelastic damage occurs at the upper 1/3 part of the super high-rise building when subjected to long-period ground motions.

Dynamic response law about gravity retaining wall to seismic characteristics and earth fill properties

In order to find the dynamic response laws of retaining walls affected by certain earthquake loads,the influence of the seismic wave characteristics and sub-grade fill parameters(including the foundation surface slope) were focused on,and a series of tests were performed.The results show that the maximum stress of the retaining wall decreases as internal friction angle,foundation slope,filled soil cohesion and the biggest dynamic elastic modulus increase,while it increases with the seismic frequency and seismic input peak dropping.The addition value of dynamics earth pressure increases when seismic frequency and seismic input peak are reduced,while it decreases when the filled soil cohesion and internal friction angle rise.Meanwhile,dynamic elastic modulus and foundation slope have no obvious influences on addition value of dynamics earth pressure.The slope will be instable if the seismic input peak exceeds 0.5g and be disruptive if seismic frequency is larger than 2.5 Hz.The mid-lower parts of retaining walls are in most heavy and obvious response to these factors,which reveals the mechanism of "belly burst" in retaining wall that appears commonly in practical projects.

Study on Dynamic Response of the “Dualistic” Structure Rock Slope with Seismic Wave Theory

Currently, scant attention has been paid to the theoretical analysis on dynamic response mechanism of the ＂Dualistic＂ structure roek slope. The analysis presented here provides insight into the dynamic response of the ＂Dualistie＂ structure rock slope. By investigating the principle of energy distribution, it is shown that the effect of a joint plays a significant role in slope stability analysis. A dynamic reflection and transmission model （RTM） for the ＂Dualistic＂ structure rock slope and explicit dynamic equations are established to analyze the dynamic response of a slope, based on the theory of elastic mechanics and the principle of seismic wave propagation. The theoretical simulation solutions show that the dynamic response of the ＂Dualistic＂ structure rock slope （soft-hard） model is greater than that of the ＂Dualistic＂ strueture rock slope （hard-soft） model, especially in the slope crest. The magnifying effect of rigid foundation on the dynamic response is more obvious than that of soft foundation. With the amplitude increasing, the cracks could be found in the right slope （soft-hard） crest. The crest failure is firstly observed in the right slope （soft-hard） during the experimental process. The reliability of theoretical model is also investigated by experiment analysis. The conclusions derived in this paper could also be used in future evaluations of Multi-layer rock slopes.

INFLUENCE OF UNCERTAINTY OF ROCK PROPERTIES ON SEISMIC RESPONSES OF REACTOR BUILDINGS

The influence of the dispersion and uncertainty of the dynamic shear wave velocity and Poisson＇s ratio of soil in a hard rock site was investigated on the seismic response of reactor building structure. The analysis is performed by considering the soil-structure interaction effects and based on the model of the reactor building in a typical pressurized water reactor nuclear power plant （NPP）. The numerical results show that for the typical floor selected, while the relative increment ratio of the dynamic shear wave velocity varies from -30% to 30% compared to the basis of 1 930 m/s, the relative variation of the horizontal response spectra peak value lies in the scope of ±10% for the internal structure, and the relative variation of the frequency corresponding to the spectra peak is 0.0% in most cases. The relative variation of the vertical response spectra peak value lies in the scope of - 10% to 22%, and the relative variation of the frequency corresponding to the Spectra peak lies in the scope of - 22% to 4%. The analysis indicates that the dynamic shear wave velocity and the Poisson＇s ratio of the rock would affect the seismic response of structure and the soil-structure interaction effects should be considered in seismic analysis and design of NPP even for a hard rock site.

Simulation of Sliding Failure Occurred at Highway Embankment in 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake

In the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake, the highway embankments were almost less damaged comparing with the past earthquakes in Japan. But the only one embankment close to the Naka Interchange at Joban Highway was damaged a little severely and remarkably because of two interesting phenomena. One phenomenon is the toe-sliding failure observed at the shallow soft base ground and the other one is one-side slope sliding failure. It can be seen that the increase in the degree of saturation at embankment body or the direction of the ground motion or the interaction between the strength of the base ground and the embankment body are involved in the stability of the embankment by modifying the phenomenon by analytical approach such as circular sliding method and dynamic response analysis. Through this research, some important lessons can be obtained for future seismic countermeasure of embankments.

Seismic Response of a Structure under Various Subsoi Models

Three types of the soil-structure interaction are used for structure analysis loaded by seismic effects. An example of the real RC building is used to demonstrate differences in the dynamic response results in the calculation of internal forces and displacements. Variant three options of the soil models were used as a building supporting structure. In the case of soil model A, the soil was modelled by using of equivalent stiffness values, stemming from the theory of a rigid circular disc on an elastic homogeneous half-space. Non-uniformly modelled vertical stiffness of the soil according to the Boussinesq model was used for model B. Both models A and B are characterised by the ＂averaged＂ soil model on the bases of spring constants. Model C was used for the soil better corresponding to its actual composition by the Winkler-Pasternak theory. Model C, where the actual layered soil is considered, is modelled more accurately than for the ＂averaged＂ soil of models A and B. The dynamic response of models operating with ＂averaged＂ values of rigid and soft soil layers is markedly shifted to the conservative smaller values of internal forces. The building response tbr model C in dynamic displacements is significantly higher than for the both models A and B.

Tall building configuration effects on their response to earthquake loading

This paper studies and analyzes the response and behavior of regular and irregular building structures in earthquake zones. The non-linear dynamic response of tall buildings structures were obtained using five simulated models, which were subjected to UBC code dynamic and static equivalent earthquake loads. The maximum response of the structural models were computed and analyzed in order to verify the effects of building configuration on drift results. Drift results agreed with codes recommendations regarding building configuration and showed that regular buildings performance in resisting earthquake forces is better than that of irregular buildings.