地应力预测技术的研究现状与进展

页岩储层为低孔低渗岩石,须经过大规模的压裂改造才能够获得商业产能,而地应力是进行压裂改造的关键因素,它在油气勘探领域具有重要的作用,不仅是油气运移的驱动力,而且能为井壁稳定性分析和钻井优化设计等提供依据。在油层改造过程中,地层地应力场的状态和岩石的力学性质决定了压裂的裂缝延伸方向、形态和方位,影响着压裂的增产效果。对地应力预测技术进行了归纳总结,分别从地应力测量方法、地应力测井计算方法、地应力数值模拟方法及地应力地震预测方法四个方面介绍了地应力的研究现状。不同的地应力预测方法反映了不同方面的地应力信息,有着不同的适用条件和预期成果。着重介绍了地应力的地震预测方法,该方法可以得到三维地应力剖面,对地应力的地震评价有着重要的意义。最后对地应力地震预测方法的发展前景进行了展望。

基于地震数据的页岩储层地应力预测在川南地区的应用

非常规页岩储层具有低渗性和低孔隙率的特征,因此需要进行大规模的压裂改造以提高生产效率。地应力是压裂改造的关键因素。地应力受到多种因素的影响,分布情况复杂,目前预测地应力分布的研究较少,尤其借助地震资料的综合研究较少。本研究以泸州区块龙马溪组气藏为例,利用大量单井实测地应力数据,联合力学参数和孔隙压力参数,提出了一种基于构造应变、叠前弹性力学参数和孔隙压力的综合型地应力预测方法。研究结果表明,该方法不仅与裂缝的发育有关,也与构造挤压所产生的应力增强有关,预测结果与实测地应力分布趋势一致,对龙马溪组地应力空间分布做出了合理的预测。

Variational characteristics of shear-wave splitting on the 2001 Shidian earthquakes in Yunnan, China

In 2001 three earthquakes occurred in Shidian in Yunnan Province, which were the MS=5.2 on April 10, the MS=5.9 on April 12 and the MS=5.3 on June 8. Based on the data from the station Baoshan of Yunnan Telemetry Digital Seismograph Network, the variational characteristics of shear-wave splitting on these series of strong earthquakes has been studied by using the systematic analysis method (SAM) of shear-wave splitting. The result shows the time delays of shear-wave splitting basically increase with earthquake activity intensifying. However the time delays abruptly decrease immediately before strong aftershocks. It accords with the stress relaxation before earthquakes, which was found recently in study on shear-wave splitting. The result suggests it is significant for reducing the harm degree of earthquakes to develop the stress-forecasting on earthquake in strong active tectonic zones and economic developed regions or big cities under the danger of strong earthquakes.

水库气枪震源产生的S波及其分裂

人工气枪震源在陆地水库可以有效激发S波,S波能量较强,与ML1.6天然地震相当。气枪可用于S波分裂研究,对布置在燕山隆起带的流动地震台的气枪信号进行了S波分裂参数分析,结果表明,快剪切波偏振优势方向为NWW和NNE向,偏振方向和断裂的性质密切相关。气枪是高度可重复性人工震源,利用气枪定点激发和定点接收有可能精确获取S波分裂参数随时间的变化规律,为地震预测探索实践提供可靠的物理途径。