超细纹理超塑性材料Zn-Al合金及其在无铅和地震减振装置方面的应用(英文)

Since the Great Hanshin Earthquake in 1995, many investigations on the seismic damper have been made. On the other hand, it also theoretically projected that ultra fine grained Zn-Al alloys could show superplasticity at low temperatures [1-4]. Authors tried to make a massive ultra fine grained Zn-22 mass % Al alloy by means of TMCP (thermo-mechanical controlling process). The superplastic Zn-Al alloy is not susceptible to strain deterioration because it has a low work-hardening rate and, thus, does not accumulate strain significantly when deformed plastically. On the other hand, since its work hardening rate is low, plastic deformation proceeds locally, required plastic energy can’t be sufficiently obtained and local fracture and local deformation instability can take place easily. The structural designer must overcome the strain localization resulting from the low work-hardening rate. Several types of seismic dampers were successfully developed with overcoming the local deformation instability. Three types of seismic dampers were finally developed.

地震动摇了对钢框架建筑物的信任

地震动摇了对钢框架建筑物的信任科尔文由于在北岭地震中主梁和焊接点出现裂缝的钢框架建筑物的数量不断增加，专家们号召进行随机检查以评估这个问题的性质与范围。目前认为，在１月１７日北岭地震中大约有２０座建筑物的钢框架部件受到损坏，随着更多的房产主安排进行深...

The influence of sea water velocity variation on seismic traveltimes,ray paths,and amplitude

The main factors affecting seismic exploration is the propagation velocity of seismic waves in the medium. In the past, during marine seismic data processing, the propagation velocity of sea water was generally taken as a constant 1500 m/s. However, for deep water exploration, the sound velocity varies with the season, time, location, water depth, ocean currents, and etc.. It also results in a layered velocity distribution, so there is a difference of seismic traveltime, ray paths, and amplitude, which affect the migration imaging results if sea water propagation velocity is still taken as constant for the propagation wavefield. In this paper, we will start from an empirical equation of seismic wave velocity in seawater with changes of temperature, salinity, and depth, consider the variation of their values, build a seawater velocity model, and quantitatively analyze the impact of seawater velocity variation on seismic traveltime, ray paths, and amplitude in the seawater velocity model.

Characterization Method of Explosion Seismic Wave

A new characterization method of explosion seismic wave is suggested on the basis of the analysis of experimental measured results. The seismic wave function is resolved into amplitude modulation part and random one. For the latter, the fractal dimension and the relevant characterization parameters are yielded by using the Weirstrass Mandelbrot (W M) fractal function. In contrast with conventional statistical parameters, the new set of parameters is independent of the chosen time length scales and the measuring instruments. A modeling example is presented which shows that the theoretical results are in agreement with the experimental results.

Amplitude spectrum compensation and phase spectrum correction of seismic data based on the generalized S transform

We propose a method for the compensation and phase correction of the amplitude spectrum based on the generalized S transform. The compensation of the amplitude spectrum within a reliable frequency range of the seismic record is performed in the S domain to restore the amplitude spectrum of reflection. We use spectral simulation methods to fit the time-dependent amplitude spectrum and compensate for the amplitude attenuation owing to absorption. We use phase scanning to select the time-, space-, and frequencydependent phases correction based on the parsimony criterion and eliminate the residual phase effect of the wavelet in the S domain. The method does not directly calculate the Q value; thus, it can be applied to the case of variable Q. The comparison of the theory model and field data verify that the proposed method can recover the amplitude spectrum of the strata reflectivity, while eliminating the effect of the residual phase of the wavelet. Thus, the wavelet approaches the zero-phase wavelet and, the seismic resolution is improved.

Research on the Seismic Wave Field of Karst Cavern Reservoirs near Deep Carbonate Weathered Crusts

Fracture and cavern hydrocarbon reservoirs in carbonates are an important pool type worldwide. The karst cavern reservoirs are easiest to identify on seismic reflection data. The prediction, exploration, and development of this type of reservoir require theoretical research on seismic wave fields reflected from complex inhomogeneous media. We compute synthetic seismic sections for fluidfilled cavern reservoirs of various heights and widths using random media models and inhomogeneous media elastic wave equations. Results indicate that even caverns significantly smaller than 1/ 4 wavelength are detectible on conventional band-width seismic sections as diffractions migrated into bead-type events. Diffraction amplitude is a function of cavern height and width. We introduce a width-amplitude factor which can be used to calculate the diffraction amplitude of a cavern with a limited width from the diffraction amplitude computed for an infinitely wide cavern.

Interpolation of near offset using surface-related multiples

In this research, we present a seismic trace interpolation method which uses seismic data with surface-related multiples. It is different from conventional seismic data interpolation using information transformation or extrapolation of adjacent channels for reconstruction of missing seismic data. In this method there are two steps, first, we construct pseudo-primaries by cross-correlation of surface multiple data to extract the missing near- offset information in multiples, which are not displayed in the acquired seismic record. Second, we correct the pseudo-primaries by applying a Least-squares Matching Filter （LMF） and RMS amplitude correction method in time and space sliding windows. Then the corrected pseudo-primaries can be used to fill the data gaps. The method is easy to implement, without the need to separate multiples and primaries. It extracts the seismic information contained by multiples for filling missing traces. The method is suitable for seismic data with surfacerelated multiples.

松动控制爆破施工设计方案

本文结合石潭溪大桥路基接线工程的爆破施工，就如何优化控制爆破设计等方面做简要的介绍。

Fracture detection by using full azimuth P wave attributes

A type of specific fractured hydrocarbon reservoir, a shale fractured reservoir, exists in the Shengli oilfield. Due to very small porosity of this type, low sensitivity to the variation of petrochemical property parameters, and strong anisotropy, it is very difficult to explore for them. So far, there is no set of mature methods for recognition of direction, distribution, and density of the fractures by an integrated analysis of geologic, geophysical, well log, drilling data, and etc. This paper presents a new method for acoustic impedance variation with azimuth （IPVA）, based on existing fracture detection methods. Seismic acquisition, processing, and recognition techniques were developed for detecting directional vertical fractures using multi-azimuth P wave data in combination with the seismic and geological features of shale fractures in the Luojia area. The IPVA research is carried out for recognizing the distribution, strike, and density of fractures based on the study of velocity variation with azimuth （VVA） and amplitude variation with azimuth （AVA） for full azimuth P wave data at different CMP positions. Through practical application in the Luojia area, primary results have been obtained which verifies that the IPVA method provides good potential for quantitative detection of parallel, high angle, shale fractures.

Research on velocity and acceleration geophones and their acquired information

Based on the research of two geophone types （10 Hz moving-coil velocity and piezoelectric acceleration） and their velocity and acceleration parameters, frequency response functions have been determined, as well as the differences between them. Also, shock- vibration tests have been accomplished, not only to explain the two shock response signal differences, but also to analyze the response signal characteristics and its ability to carry information. In addition, seismic data acquisition experiments have been carried out under comparable conditions in the field. A contrast analysis of shot gathers and stack profiles acquired with the two geophone types is given in this paper. The results show that the acceleration signal from the acceleration geophone has a better advantage in terms of high signal-to-noise ratio, high accuracy, high resolution, and quantity of information to better meet current and future requirements for seismic exploration.

Seismic response of tunnel under normal fault slips by shaking table test technique

Mountain tunnel crossing a normal fault in seismically active zone is easily affected by normal fault slip and earthquake. It is necessary to study tunnel dynamic response under action of normal fault slip and earthquake. In this paper, a three-dimensional normal fault sliding device was designed, and a shaking table test was carried out to study tunnel seismic performance under normal fault slip. The results show that peak acceleration of lining is dominated by an existence of fault and direction of seismic excitation, not normal fault slip. And the incremental strains of lining in critical zone with 1.7 times fault thickness and centered in faults induced by normal fault slip and seismic excitation are larger than ones only by seismic excitation. And the incremental strains in critical zone increase with the increase of normal fault slip magnitude ranging from 0 to 2 mm. And normal fault slip results in a significant reduction of overall tunnel stiffness subjected to an earthquake. These experimental results provide a scientific reference for prevention and control measurement of tunnel damage under earthquake and normal fault slip.

Analysis of Earthquake-Triggered Failure Mechanisms of Slopes and Sliding Surfaces

Earthquake-induced landslides along the Dujiangyan-Yingxiu highway after the Ms 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake in 2008 were investigated. It was found that： （1） slopes were shattered and damaged during the earthquake and open tension cracks formed on the tops of the slopes; （2） the upper parts of slopes collapsed and slid, while the lower parts remained basically intact, indicating that the upper parts of slopes would be damaged more heavily than the lower parts during an earthquake. Large-scale shaking table model tests were conducted to study failure behavior of slopes under the Wenchuan seismic wave, which reproduced the process of deformation and failure of slopes. Tension cracks emerged at the top and upper part of model, while the bottom of the model remained intact, consistent with field investigations. Depth of the tension crack at the top of model is 32 cm, i.e., 3.2 m compared to the prototype natural slope with a height of 14 m when the length scale ratio （proto/model） is lo. Acceleration at the top of the slope was almost twice as large as that at the toe when the measured accelerations on shaking table are 4.85 m/s2 and 6.49 m/s2, which means that seismic force at the top of the slope is twice the magnitude of that at the toe. By use of the dynamic-strength-reduction method, numerical simulation was conducted to explore the process and mechanism of formation of the sliding surface, with other quantified information. The earthquake-induced failure surfaces commonly consist of tension cracks and shear zones. Within 5 mfrom the top of the slope, the dynamic sliding surface will be about 1 m shallower than the pseudo-static sliding surface in a horizontal direction when the peak ground acceleration （PGA） is 1 m/s2; the dynamic sliding surface will be about 2 m deeper than the pseudo-static sliding surface in a horizontal direction when the PGA is lo m/sL and the depths of the dynamic sliding surface and the pseudo-static sliding surface will be almost the same when the PGA is 2 m/s2. Based on these findings, it is suggested that the key point of anti-seismic design, as well as for mitigation of post-earthquake, secondary mountain hazards, is to prevent tension cracks from forming in the upper part of the slope. Therefore, the depth of tension cracks in slope surfaces is the key to reinforcement of slopes. The depth of the sliding surface from the pseudo-static method can be a reference for slope reinforcement mitigation.

An approximation to the P-wave reflection coefficient for amplitude variation with long-offset seismic data

In recent years, long-offset exploration has been widely used, especially on marine seismic surveys. Conventional AVO analysis is insufficient for long-offset seismic data. To widen the application range of AVO analysis, we present a new P-wave reflection coefficient approximation applicable to long-offset data. Our result is similar to the well known Shuey formula which can be treated as an approximation to our results for short-offset seismic data.

Applications of fluid substitution effect analysis on seismic interpretation

The root mean square(RMS) difference of time-lapse seismic amplitudes is routinely used to identify the substituted fluid type in a reservoir during oil field production and recovery. By a time-lapse seismic method, we study the effects of fluid substitution in a physical model, which is an analogy of the three-dimensional inhomogeneous reservoir. For a weak inhomogeneous medium, gas/oil substitution results in positive anomalies in the reservoir layers, and negative anomalies below the bottom of the reservoir layers; while water/oil substitution causes only weak variations in the reservoir layers, but positive anomalies below the bottom of the reservoir layers. For the strong inhomogeneous medium, no matter what kind of fluid substitution(gas/oil or water/oil), there are significant anomalies in seismic amplitude difference attributes both in and below the reservoir layers. Therefore, for weak inhomogeneous media, such as tight sandstone or thin interbedded layers, the RMS amplitude difference attributes can be used to monitor fluid changes and predict the drilling direction; for inhomogeneous medium with karst carves or fractures, it is difficult to accurately determine the distribution of fluids with the RMS amplitude difference attributes.

Indication to distinguish the burst region of coal gas from seismic data

The velocity of an over-burst coal seam based on laboratory test results. This seam is about 1/3 compared to a normal coal can be considered as a basis to confirm the area of coal and gas burst by seismic exploration technique. Similarly, the simulation result of the theoretical seismic model shows that there is obvious distinction between over-burst coal and normal coal based on the coal reflection＇s travel-time, energy and frequency. The results from the actual seismic data acquired in the coal and gas over-burst cases is consistent with that of the laboratory and seismic modeling; that is, in the coal and gas burst region, seismic reflection travel time is delayed, seismic amplitude is weakened and seismic frequency is reduced. Therefore, it can be concluded that seismic exploration tech- nique is promising for use in distinguishing coal and gas over-burst regions based on the variation of seismic reflection travel time, amplitude and frequency.

New Progress in the Application of Satellite Thermal Infrared Imagery to Earthquake Prediction

The concept of stochastic resonance (SR) has been introduced into the analysis of satellite thermal infrared images. Six kinds of anomalous phenomena related to crustal movement were recognized in satellite thermal infrared images. Six diagnostic indicators for the prediction of global earthquakes with magnitude ≥6.0 and their quantitative evaluation standards have been established. The microscopic behavior of global crustal movement is successfully controlled by using satellite thermal infrared imagery, and the occurrence time and magnitude of over 80% of global strong earthquakes occurred since the foundation of the observation station have been successfully predicted. It is believed that the combination of satellite thermal infrared information with macroscopic anomalous phenomena will play an important role in earthquake hazard reduction.

Shaking Intensity Distribution of the April 14,2010 Yushu,China Earthquake

Two hours after the 2010 Yushu Earthquake, the shaking intensity distribution was obtained using the ShakeMap Rapid Generation System Based on Site Effects, developed by the author, which integrates the information of tectonic settings, the strike and scale of causative faults, focal mechanism solutions, fault rupture process and attenuation relationship in Western China, as well as local site effects. The results are as follows： （1） The major axis of shaking intensity distribution is directed NW-SE, parallel to the Yushu fault; （2） The meizoseismal area reaches an intensity IX and covers 300km^2; （3） The intensity IX area is mainly distributed in the area 40km southeast and 15km northwest of the epicenter along the causative fault; （4） Due to local soil conditions, the northwestern part of the area with intensity IX on bedrock shows an intensity Ⅷ when converting from the bedrock to the soil; （5） Areas with intensity Ⅷ, VII, VI measure 3,000km^2, 8,000km^2, and 24,000km^2, respectively.

The Preliminary Analysis of the Characteristics of Geomagnetic Harmonic Wave Amplitude Ratios before the Gaoyou-Baoying MS4.9 Earthquake

In this paper,the Gaoyou-Baoying M_S4.9 earthquake was analyzed by the geomagnetic harmonic wave amplitude ratios method. The earthquake was an isolated seismic event,before and after which there were no other earthquakes occurred in this region. The dense distribution of geomagnetic observataries provided an advantage condition for the analysis of characteristics of the geomagnetic harmonic amplitude ratios. The analysis results verify the former knowledge of anomaly characteristics of the geomagnetic harmonic amplitude ratio,that is,the anomalous characteristics of the earthquake mostly appeared during the decline-turning-recovery rising process. The results also show that the change of the anomalies was asynchronous at the observatories close to the epicenter, namely, the anomalous characteristics were different between the H and the D components,as well as between the long and short periods.

Detecting the Earthquake Excited Spheroidal Free Oscillation of the Earth by Use of Observational Data at Huzhou Seismic Station

By using the digital observations of the pendulum tiltmeter, water tube tiltmeter,extensometer and volumetric strainmeter at Huzhou station and with the power spectrum density estimation method,we acquired the_0S_5-_0S_50 fundamental sphere free oscillations caused by the Japan earthquake on March 11,2011,then compared it with the PREM model. The relative errors are mostly bigger than 1.2‰. The extensometer and volume strainmeter can clearly detect _0S_2,_0S_3and_0S_4,which are closely related to the deep structure and earth's interior.

Improvement of S/N ratio of seismic data by hyperbolic filter algorithm

This paper deals with the implementation of the hyperbolic filter algorithm for noise suppression of seismic data. Known the velocity of reflection event, utilizes the resemblance of reflection signal in each seismic trace, the hyperbolic filter algorithm is effective in enhance reflection event and suppress the random noise. This algorithm is used to CDP gathers also is compared with the algorithm of τ-p transform. Simulation shows the hyperbolic filter is effective and better than τ-p transform.