基于特征强化U⁃Net的地震速度反演方法

基于深度神经网络的地震速度反演方法面临的挑战是:时间域地震数据与空间域模型信息间语义映射的弱对应关系导致多解性;神经网络将地震数据映射到速度模型过程中缺少有效引导,易受噪声干扰,影响反演精度。为此,提出一种基于特征强化U‑Net的地震速度反演方法。首先,通过多炮地震数据特征叠加使输入网络的地震时间序列信号与对应速度模型之间的空间关系更加明确;其次,基于多尺度特征融合的思想设计具有不同尺寸卷积核的模块,以增强网络对有效特征的学习能力;然后,利用注意力门引导网络,增强网络重点关注的特征;最后,结合瓶颈残差和预激活的思想,在网络中加入预激活瓶颈残差,避免梯度消失和网络退化。实验表明,该方法在地震速度反演方面具有更高的精度,并在抗噪声测试中效果较好,具有一定的泛化能力。

影响地震速度反演处理与解释效果的因素探讨

“三高”处理的优劣、频带宽度、速度低频成分的缺失都会影响地震速度反演的精度和可靠性。地震速度的多解性 ,也会造成反演资料解释的误区。本文讨论了这些影响因素的形成及影响的程度 ,提出了速度反演处理解释中应注意的问题。

四川盆地加里东古隆起震旦系古岩溶型储层的分布特征

四川盆地加里东古隆起震旦系储层主要是以裂缝～孔洞型为主的古岩溶型储层。由于古风化壳岩溶作用和成岩后生作用及后期构造形变形成的次生溶蚀孔洞及裂缝较发育,如存在八种次生溶孔、三种溶洞和五种裂缝。尽管对储层的储集条件改善较大,但储层基质仍是以低孔低渗、非均质性强为特征。储层的纵横向分布受到多种地质因素的控制,如岩性岩相、古岩溶、构造作用和充填作用等。从区域上看,储层在纵横向上的分布较为稳定,受层位的控制明显,存在一定的连续性。在对储层的横向预测追踪方面,应用了先进的地震速度反演的预测方法,通过对重点目标地区震旦系储层预测的结果证明,选择这种方法是行之有效的。

复杂地质条件下断块内储层参数预测

本文采用无并LOG反演的地震速度信息，结合地质和测井资料预测了砂组级别的储层厚度和物性参数在断块内部的分布。预测结果在用于开发方案设计和储量计算中，得到了开发并网的证实。实际应用的效果表明，无井LOG反演的地震速度等资料具有精度高、质量好等特点，在复杂断块区的储层预测中可以发挥一定的作用。

Tunnel seismic tomography method for geological prediction and its application

Typical existing methods of tunnel geological prediction include negative apparent velocity, horizontal seismic profile, and the Tunnel Seismic Prediction （TSP） method as this technology is under development at home and abroad. Considering simpler observational methods and data processing, it is hard to accurately determine the seismic velocity of the wall rock in the front of the tunnel face. Therefore, applying these defective methods may result in inaccurate geological inferences which will not provide sufficient evidence for classifying the wall rock characteristics. This paper proposes the Tunnel Seismic Tomography （TST） method using a spatial observation arrangement and migration and travel time inversion image processing to solve the problem of analyzing the velocity structure of wall rock in the front of the tunnel face and realize accurate imaging of the geological framework of the tunnel wall rock. This method is very appropriate for geological prediction under complex geological conditions.

Simultaneous Inversion of Earthquake Relocation and Velocity Structure in the Shanxi-reservoir,Wenzhou

Using the data of P-wave network and Zhejiang and travel time recorded at the Shanxi-reservoir seismological Fujian local networks, we implemented a simultaneous inversion of earthquake relocation and velocity structure and determined the new locations of earthquakes in the Shanxi-reservoir. The results show that： （1） the overall epicenter distribution is NW directed, and the Shanxi reservoir induced seismicity has a close relationship to the Shuangxi-Jiaoxiyang fault; （2） the focal depth of the Shanxi reservoir induced seismicity is 5.4km in average, less than the average focal depth in the South China earthquake zone; （3） the focal depth is shallower on the reservoir shore and deeper in the reservoir inundation area. At the beginning of the reservoir induced seismicity, the focal depth increased gradually. This may be due to the gradual penetration of water into a larger depth that induced deeper earthquakes; and （4） there is a low P-wave velocity anomaly in the study area, located at the intersection of multiple faults in the reservoir inundation area. The Shanxi reservoir induced seismicity mostly occurred in this lowvelocity anomaly zone. This may be related to water penetration.

Three-dimensional high-resolution velocity structure imaging and seismicity study of Yangbi Ms6.4 earthquake

In this study,based on the body wave arrival data of 5506 earthquakes recorded by 32 fi xed stations and 94 temporary stations in Yangbi and surrounding areas,the source parameters of Yangbi Ms6.4 earthquake sequence and three-dimensional(3-D)fi ne Vp,Vs,and Vp/Vs were inverted by using the consistency-constrained double-diff erence tomography method.The results showed that the focal depth after relocation was mostly in the range of 3–10 km,evidently nearly horizontally distributed,and concentrated in the weak area of the high-velocity body or at the side of the high-low-velocity body transition zone toward the high-velocity body,showing a good corresponding relationship with the velocity structure.The velocity structure in the Yangbi area has remarkably uneven characteristics.The seismic activity area is dominated by high-velocity bodies prone to brittle fracture near the surface.As the depth increases,low-velocity anomalies appear.A signifi cant diff erence was observed in the wave velocity ratio between the upper and lower sides of the seismically dense strip.Based on the focal mechanism of the Yangbi Ms6.4 earthquake and the fine 3-D velocity structure,this article concludes that the Yangbi Ms6.4 earthquake was caused by a strong regional tectonic stress concentrated in the relatively weak area by hard high-velocity bodies on the northwest sides.The Ms5.6 foreshock broke the inherent balance of regional stress and promoted the occurrence of the Yangbi Ms6.4 mainshock.Afterward,the stress was adjusted to a new equilibrium state through a large number of aftershocks,forming a foreshock–mainshock–aftershock type of seismic activity model.Based on the activity law of the Yangbi Ms6.4 earthquake sequence and characteristics of the 3D velocity structure distribution,this paper speculates that the seismogenic structure of the Yangbi earthquake was possibly a northwest strike-slip buried fault with a depth of 3–10 km on the southwest side of the Weixi–Qiaohou fault.

Applying accurate gradients of seismic wave reflection coefficients (SWRC) to the inversion of seismic wave velocities

Through solving the Zoeppritz's partial derivative equations, we have obtained accurate partial derivatives of reflected coefficients of seismic wave with respect to Pand S-wave velocities.With those partial derivatives, a multi-angle inversion is developed for seismic wave velocities.Numerical examples of different formation models show that if the number of iterations goes over 10, the relative error of inversion results is less than 1%, whether or not there is interference among the reflection waves.When we only have the reflected seismograms of P-wave, and only invert for velocities of P-wave, the multi-angle inversion is able to obtain a high computation precision.When we have the reflected seismograms of both P-wave and VS-wave, and simultaneously invert for the velocities of P-wave and VS-wave, the computation precisions of VS-wave velocities improves gradually with the increase of the number of angles, but the computation precision of P-wave velocities becomes worse.No matter whether the reflected seismic waves from the different reflection interface are coherent or non-coherent, this method is able to achieve a higher computation precision.Because it is based on the accurate solution of the gradient of SWRCs without any additional restriction, the multi-angle inversion method can be applied to seismic inversion of total angles.By removing the difficulties caused by simplified Zoeppritz formulas that the conventional AVO technology struggles with, the multiangle inversion method extended the application range of AVO technology and improved the computation precision and speed of inversion of seismic wave velocities.

Relocation of the Yushu M_S7.1 earthquake and its aftershocks in 2010 from HypoDD

After the Yushu M S 7.1 earthquake on April 14,2010,a large number of aftershocks were recorded by the surrounding permanent network and temporary seismic stations.Due to the distribution of stations,knowledge about velocity structure,the reliability of seismic phases,and so on,the location result from conventional method is usually of low precision,from which it is difficult to recognize the spatial and temporal distribution and the trends of aftershock activity.In this paper,by using teleseismic waveforms recorded by permanent station,the seismic velocity structure beneath the vicinity is obtained from receiver function stacking and inversion methods.And the Yushu earthquake sequences are relocated from seismic phase data by HypoDD.The results show that the Yushu M S 7.1 earthquake occurred at 13 km depth;the aftershock sequences were distributed mainly in the NWW along the Garzê-Yushu fault,and most aftershocks were concentrated in a 100 km length and 5-20 km depth.Combined with the velocity structure,it can be inferred that the earthquake mainly destroys the high-velocity layer of the upper crust.In the west of the seismic fault near(33.3°N,96.2°E),the aftershock sequences were distributed like a straight column,suggesting there was a comminuted break from 25km depth to the ground.