本文将NASA(National Aeronautics and Space Administration)/Goddard长波辐射方案引入到GRAPES_Meso(Global/Regional Assimilation and PrEdiction System Meso)模式中,对2006年4月中国地区进行了一个月的模拟试验,并与相应的NCEP(Na...本文将NASA(National Aeronautics and Space Administration)/Goddard长波辐射方案引入到GRAPES_Meso(Global/Regional Assimilation and PrEdiction System Meso)模式中,对2006年4月中国地区进行了一个月的模拟试验,并与相应的NCEP(National Centers for Environmental Prediction)再分析资料进行了对比分析。试验结果表明:在模拟区域内,使用GRAPES Meso模式进行24h、48 h预报得到的晴空大气顶向外长波辐射通量(the clear sky outgoing longwave radiation flux,OLRC)、地面接收到向下长波辐射通量(the clear sky downward longwave radiation flux at ground,GLWC)分布形势与NCEP再分析资料具有较好的对应关系;模式预报24 h、48 h OLRC和NCEP再分析资料月平均误差百分比控制在-10%^+10%以内,GLWC月平均误差百分比比OLRC略大,但总体上两者误差都在合理和可接受范围之内。OLRC和GLWC 24 h、48 h的预报和NCEP再分析资料的逐日距平相关系数及标准误差的对比显示,模式24 h预报OLRC、GLWC的距平相关系数月平均值分别为0.96、0.98,标准误差月平均值分别为24.54 W m^(-2)、27.23 W m^(-2);模式48 h预报OLRC、GLWC的距平相关系数月平均值分别为0.9521、0.9804,标准误差月平均值分别为22.43 W m^(-2)、27.64W m^(-2)。总体上,模式24 h、48 h预报OLRC和GLWC的距平相关系数都在0.93以上,标准误差都在31 W m^(-2)以内,且GLWC预报和NCEP再分析资料的相关性比OLRC略好,OLRC预报与NCEP再分析资料的的标准误差比GLWC略小。通过和RRTM长波辐射方案对比可知,两者的预报水平基本一致。本文研究结果表明,引入NASA/Goddard长波辐射方案后的GRAPES_Meso模式整体上能够较好地预报OLRC和GLWC,该辐射方案可以作为模式GRAPES_Meso的备选辐射方案之一。展开更多
The near-surface lapse rate reflects the atmospheric stability above the surface.Lapse rates calculated from land surface temperature(γTs)and near-surface air temperature( γTa )have been widely used.However,γTs and...The near-surface lapse rate reflects the atmospheric stability above the surface.Lapse rates calculated from land surface temperature(γTs)and near-surface air temperature( γTa )have been widely used.However,γTs and γTa have different sensitivity to local surface energy balance and large-scale energy transport and therefore they may have diverse spatial and temporal variability,which has not been clearly illustrated in existing studies.In this study,we calculated and compared γTa and γTs at^2200 stations over China from 1961 to 2014.This study finds that γTa and γTs have a similar multiyear national average(0.53°C/100 m)and seasonal cycle.Nevertheless,γTs shows steeper multiyear average than γTa at high latitudes,and γTs in summer is steeper than γTa ,especially in Northwest China.The North China shows the shallowest γTa and γTs,then inhibiting the vertical diffusion of air pollutants and further reducing the lapse rates due to accumulation of pollutants.Moreover,the long-term trend signs for γTa and γTs are opposite in northern China.However,the trends in γTa and γTs are both negative in Southwest China and positive in Southeast China.Surface incident solar radiation,surface downward longwave radiation and precipitant frequency jointly can account for 80%and 75%of the long-term trends in γTa and γTs in China,respectively,which provides an explanation of trends of γTa and γTs from perspective of surface energy balance.展开更多
文摘本文将NASA(National Aeronautics and Space Administration)/Goddard长波辐射方案引入到GRAPES_Meso(Global/Regional Assimilation and PrEdiction System Meso)模式中,对2006年4月中国地区进行了一个月的模拟试验,并与相应的NCEP(National Centers for Environmental Prediction)再分析资料进行了对比分析。试验结果表明:在模拟区域内,使用GRAPES Meso模式进行24h、48 h预报得到的晴空大气顶向外长波辐射通量(the clear sky outgoing longwave radiation flux,OLRC)、地面接收到向下长波辐射通量(the clear sky downward longwave radiation flux at ground,GLWC)分布形势与NCEP再分析资料具有较好的对应关系;模式预报24 h、48 h OLRC和NCEP再分析资料月平均误差百分比控制在-10%^+10%以内,GLWC月平均误差百分比比OLRC略大,但总体上两者误差都在合理和可接受范围之内。OLRC和GLWC 24 h、48 h的预报和NCEP再分析资料的逐日距平相关系数及标准误差的对比显示,模式24 h预报OLRC、GLWC的距平相关系数月平均值分别为0.96、0.98,标准误差月平均值分别为24.54 W m^(-2)、27.23 W m^(-2);模式48 h预报OLRC、GLWC的距平相关系数月平均值分别为0.9521、0.9804,标准误差月平均值分别为22.43 W m^(-2)、27.64W m^(-2)。总体上,模式24 h、48 h预报OLRC和GLWC的距平相关系数都在0.93以上,标准误差都在31 W m^(-2)以内,且GLWC预报和NCEP再分析资料的相关性比OLRC略好,OLRC预报与NCEP再分析资料的的标准误差比GLWC略小。通过和RRTM长波辐射方案对比可知,两者的预报水平基本一致。本文研究结果表明,引入NASA/Goddard长波辐射方案后的GRAPES_Meso模式整体上能够较好地预报OLRC和GLWC,该辐射方案可以作为模式GRAPES_Meso的备选辐射方案之一。
基金This work was supported by the National Key Research&Development Program of China(2017YFA0603601)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41525018 and 41930970)。
文摘The near-surface lapse rate reflects the atmospheric stability above the surface.Lapse rates calculated from land surface temperature(γTs)and near-surface air temperature( γTa )have been widely used.However,γTs and γTa have different sensitivity to local surface energy balance and large-scale energy transport and therefore they may have diverse spatial and temporal variability,which has not been clearly illustrated in existing studies.In this study,we calculated and compared γTa and γTs at^2200 stations over China from 1961 to 2014.This study finds that γTa and γTs have a similar multiyear national average(0.53°C/100 m)and seasonal cycle.Nevertheless,γTs shows steeper multiyear average than γTa at high latitudes,and γTs in summer is steeper than γTa ,especially in Northwest China.The North China shows the shallowest γTa and γTs,then inhibiting the vertical diffusion of air pollutants and further reducing the lapse rates due to accumulation of pollutants.Moreover,the long-term trend signs for γTa and γTs are opposite in northern China.However,the trends in γTa and γTs are both negative in Southwest China and positive in Southeast China.Surface incident solar radiation,surface downward longwave radiation and precipitant frequency jointly can account for 80%and 75%of the long-term trends in γTa and γTs in China,respectively,which provides an explanation of trends of γTa and γTs from perspective of surface energy balance.
