利用样点调查与Landsat8影像数据建立山体地表温度与坡度的关系

山区地表温度是林火预测预报的重要影响因子。山区地表温度机理的研究受稀疏气象观测站点及MODIS产品(1 km)空间尺度的限制,常以综合作用规律及宏观地形因子分析为主,缺乏微尺度地形要素的相对独立作用阐释。以我国西南纵向岭谷区为研究区,利用多期landsat8影像数据及样点实测数据,使用地理信息系统空间分析方法,通过消除或减弱海拔、坡向等地形因子的影响,定量分析坡度与地表温度相对独立关系。结果表明:(1)不同尺度下地表温度、地表温度标准差与坡度的关系受坡向影响不同。(2)30 m尺度上,西、西北、北、东北坡向的坡面上地表温度与坡度呈负向相关关系,坡度越大,地表温度空间变异越小,地表温度递减率分别为0.202、0.239、0.207、0.166℃/(°);东坡向的坡面上的地表温度与坡度呈先减小后微弱增大的二次曲线变化关系;东南、南、西南坡地表温度随着坡度增大分别以13.6、13.92、11.51℃上下波动。(3)样点尺度上,北、东北、东南、南、西南和西坡向的坡面上地表温度与坡度也呈负相关关系,地表温度递减率分别为0.106、0.396、0.168、0.111、0.235、0.077℃/(°);东、西北坡向内地表温度随着坡度的增大总体上减小,样点尺度的地表温度更易受到局地环境的影响。

Characteristics of Spatial and Temporal Vegetation Index Variability and Its Responses to Temperature and Precipitation in Mongolia

The Mongolian Plateau,a vital ecological barrier in northern China,is of great importance for studying vegetation dynamics in Mongolia against the background of climate warming.Such studies can enhance our understanding of regional vegetation responses to global warming and contribute to the establishment of a stronger ecological barrier in northern China.Here,we analyzed the spatial and temporal characteristics of the NDVI(normalized difference vegetation index)in Mongolia using 8 km resolution GIMMS NDVI3g data from 1990 to 2022,along with temperature,precipitation,and elevation data.Trend analysis and correlation methods were used to examine the relationships between the NDVI and temperature,as well as precipitation.The results showed four important aspects of these relationships.(1)The NDVI in Mongolia increased significantly from 1990 to 2022 at a rate of 0.0015 yr^(-1)(P<0.05).(2)Mongolia’s NDVI increased from 1990 to 2022 in 60.73%of the country.Of this total,the area with a significant increase accounted for 31.67%and was concentrated on the eastern and western edges.The area experiencing a significant decrease accounted for 15.67%and was mainly located on the southwestern edges.(3)The NDVI analysis revealed significant increasing trends in all regions except for those at elevations of 1500-2000 m.The greatest rate of increase was observed between 500 and 1000 m,and the increasing trend weakened as elevation continued to increase before gradually becoming significant again.Additionally,the NDVI increased significantly across different slopes,and the rate of increase decreased as the slope increased.(4)From 1990 to 2022,Mongolia’s NDVI was mostly negatively correlated with temperature.This occurred over 66.75%of the total land area,with 17.21%of the region exhibiting a significant negative correlation,mainly in the southwest.Conversely,the NDVI demonstrated a positive correlation with precipitation,encompassing 86.71%of the total land area.Approximately 40.44%of the region had a significant positive correlation,primarily in the southwest.In conclusion,throughout the experimental period,the vegetation state in Mongolia improved.However,due to the warming and drying climate,more attention should be paid to vegetation degradation in the south-central region.

基于格局-过程理论的非点源污染实证研究:以黄土丘陵沟壑区水土流失为例

非点源污染是影响地表环境的主要污染方式之一.针对黄土高原丘陵沟壑区水土流失这一典型的非点源污染问题,应用非点源污染的空间识别方法———景观空间负荷对比指数和景观坡度指数,对黄土高原泾河流域12个子流域进行了实证研究.结果表明,耕地、低覆盖度草地和各种林地的景观坡度指数和景观空间负荷对比指数对流域土壤侵蚀模数有显著的响应关系,对径流深度存在着一定的响应关系,而对径流变异系数和侵蚀变异系数没有明显的响应.说明景观空间负荷对比指数和景观坡度指数对流域水土流失具有一定的指示作用,可作为水土流失等非点源污染空间风险评价的1个有用方法.

河南省坡耕地现状调查与分析

坡耕地是耕地资源的重要组成部分,有着巨大的资源利用潜力。采用专题调查方法,通过构建坡耕地坡度特征指数等分析方法,对河南省坡耕地现状进行了定量分析,结果表明:2010年,河南省坡耕地面积达到789 630.22 hm2,占调查区域耕地总面积的23.15%,坡耕地坡度特征指数为0.21,坡耕地总体坡度较缓,坡耕地总体治理度39.99%,治理水平相对较低,坡耕地亟待治理。基于坡耕地分布及结构的区域性差异,未来坡耕地治理的难度也具有区域性差异。

云南省坡耕地现状调查及分析

基于云南省2015年土壤侵蚀调查成果及云南省各年度水土流失综合治理情况统计结果,利用坡耕地坡度特征指数和坡耕地治理度两个指标,对云南省坡耕地现状进行了定量分析,结果表明:云南省中度以上水土流失面积主要分布在坡耕地上,坡耕地水土流失面积为45 337.34 km^2,占全省水土流失面积104 727.74 km^2的43.29%,极强烈以上的坡耕地水土流失面积为12 152.38 km^2,占全省极强烈以上水土流失面积12 609.54 km^2的96.37%。无措施的坡耕地面积达到34 377.66 km^2,占耕地总面积82 022.00 km^2的41.91%,占水土流失总面积的32.83%。云南省坡耕地坡度特征指数为0.34,坡耕地坡度总体较大,坡耕地总体治理度为48.01%,治理水平相对较低,大面积的坡耕地急需治理。应基于坡耕地分布及结构的区域性差异,确定未来如何开展坡耕地水土流失综合治理。