灰霾天气变化特征及垂直交换系数的预报应用

利用1998—2008年广东省广州、东莞和增城的常规气象资料及2004年6月10日—2008年12月30日Micaps 3.0的K指数、沙氏指数和L指数资料,重点分析了这三个地方10—12月的灰霾天气变化特征。研究结果表明,增城的能见度比例主要集中在大于10 km的范围内,空气质量最好,东莞的空气质量最差。广州和东莞10—12月的能见度等级百分比分布形态类似,轻微灰霾天气所占频率较大,其中10月占的比例最高。并提出垂直交换系数试图对污染物的垂直输送能力进行评估,进而尝试对灰霾天气进行预报。结果表明当垂直交换系数小于15 000时,城市容易出现灰霾天气,反之则说明该地的空气质量较为良好。

Tb/FeCo多层膜的垂直交换偏置效应

采用磁控溅射方法,制备结构为Glass/Cu(60 nm)/[Tb(tTb=1.5,3.0 nm)/FeCo(1.5 nm)]5/Ta(10 nm)的两种不同Tb子层厚度的多层膜。采用X射线衍射分析仪、原子力和磁力显微镜、振动样品磁强计对样品的晶体结构、磁畴结构和室温磁性质进行表征,研究该多层膜系统的垂直磁各向异性和垂直交换偏置效应。X射线衍射分析表明,多层膜中Tb/FeCo界面主要呈非晶或纳米晶态。磁力显微镜结果显示,制备态薄膜均呈现迷宫状条纹磁畴结构。室温磁性测量表明,薄膜的易磁化方向都垂直膜面,垂直矫顽力分别为122和351 kA/m。在由这两种多层膜组合而成的Glass/Cu(60 nm)/[Tb(1.5 nm)/FeCo(1.5 nm)]2/[Tb(3.0 nm)/FeCo(1.5 nm)]5/Ta(10 nm)软磁/硬磁型多层膜中发现交换偏置场为20 kA/m的垂直交换偏置效应,这一效应的发现对Tb/FeCo多层膜在现代超快磁存储器中的应用具有重要意义。

大气垂直交换作用对近地面O_(3)污染过程的影响

利用上海中心大厦进行在线垂直监测,对2019年6月15—16日上海发生的一次典型近地面O_(3)污染过程进行研究,分析大气垂直交换作用对近地面O_(3)污染过程的影响。结果发现,此次O_(3)污染过程主要发生在高温低湿气象条件下。8:00—16:00近地面25 m处因受到高空O_(3)累积后的向下传输和白天本地生成双重作用的影响出现O_(3)浓度高值。近地面细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))和O_(3)的变化总体呈相反趋势,PM_(2.5)浓度升高会导致太阳辐射减弱,从而影响O_(3)生成。大气垂直交换作用风切变和大气边界层高度变化对于O_(3)污染的影响不容忽视。

垂直运动对雾-霾及空气污染过程的影响分析

应用常规观测资料、NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料,分析2013年山东分别出现雾和霾的两次严重污染过程,结果表明:(1)大气静稳状态时,500 h Pa为脊前西-西北气流,850 h Pa为暖脊,有弱暖平流,地面气压场较弱,易出现逆温、混合层高度低、风速小,导致大气水平和垂直扩散能力差。850 h Pa弱上升和700 h Pa弱下沉,造成高空干洁大气和地面"脏"空气对峙的局面,垂直交换停滞是雾-霾和污染持续的根本原因。(2)强冷空气驱散雾-霾的过程,正是打破了空气垂直交换停滞的状态,使得高空清洁大气能够下沉到地面。空气质量的根本改善由垂直交换完成。(3)弱冷空气伴随的弱下沉运动和锋面附近整层上升运动能够减轻污染。(4)冷锋过后剧烈下降的地面露点温度即是高空干洁大气到达地面的标志。

温州饮用水源地珊溪水库水质的时空分析

在一年时间内对珊溪水库水质在重点支流的水平和垂直方向上的分布状况进行监测,分析库区水体水质的时空变化特征。结果表明,珊溪水库主库水体氮的季节分布特征明显,春秋季含量高于夏冬季,磷元素含量在不同季节变化不大。水库水质随气象水文条件的垂直分布研究表明,主库40～50 m水体长期存在热分层现象,且常年处于缺氧状况。库底水体及沉积物中的缺氧、厌氧环境有利于有机物的厌氧分解,并在底层水体中累积形成高于表层水体的氮、磷浓度。水库主库30 m以上水体在秋冬季又会发生垂直水层间的传质交换,可以改变氮、磷转化途径,也可能将底层水体中的营养物质带至表层,诱发藻华。

基于互联网家电的需求响应聚合系统信息接口研究与设计

为了解决居民用户需求响应资源零散、调控难度大及信息交互不畅等问题,依托SAC/TC549全国智能电网接口标委会定义的标准框架,在深入研究居民需求响应业务在互联网环境中信息流传递模式的基础上,提出基于互联网家电云平台的需求响应聚合系统架构、用户垂直信息交换模式、虚拟DR需求响应(demand response,DR)终端及信息接口,对接口的组成、功能和信息交换过程进行了详细设计。该方案基于互联网架构,采用模块化设计,所构建的基于互联网家电云平台的需求响应系统更加灵活与高效,可支持大规模扩展的需求响应商业模式创新。

黄土高原生物利用型土壤干层的水文生态效应研究

对黄土高原高产农、林、草、灌、果5种植被1000cm土层土壤剖面含水量多点测定结果表明,各植被类型均存在不同程度的生物利用型土壤干层,该土壤干层的水文作用表现为增强土壤-植被-大气间垂直水分交换,阻碍入渗降雨转化为地下径流,削弱植被对枯水季节低径流量的补偿能力,其生态效应是恶化植物生长的土壤水分环境,削弱土壤水库对年际干旱的调节能力。

地下水系统的动态模拟

针对地下水系统的动态特征及数值模拟中存在的问题 ,提出了几种处理方法 。

承德市一次持续性雾霾天气过程的分析

利用常规观测资料、NECP(1°×1°)再分析资料及河北省环境监测中心提供的资料,分析2014年2月21—25日承德市雾霾天气过程。结果表明:此次雾霾天气,前期以霾为主,中期以轻雾为主,后期白天为轻雾、霾交替,夜间以雾为主;高空偏西气流和地面弱气压场是导致雾霾天气持续的天气背景;逆温层产生和维持,持续较小垂直交换系数、低层垂直速度、风速,都是雾霾持续和发展重要原因;低层弱偏西风、偏南风,使雾霾加剧。能见度与风速、气压呈正相关,与相对湿度、PM2.5浓度及气温呈负相关;雾霾发生前气象要素特征差异明显,可为雾霾天气预报提供参考依据。

边界层方案对华北一次污染过程模拟的影响

采用WRF模式中YSU、MYJ和ACM2 3种边界层参数化方案,利用WRF模式和空气质量模式CAMx对2015年11月11～15日发生在京津冀地区的一次污染过程进行了模拟,同时利用地面气象要素、风廓线、秒探空和空气质量观测数据对3种参数化方案下的模拟结果进行了验证对比.一种基于临界垂直湍流交换系数确定边界高度的方法被用于对比3种参数化方案之间垂直扩散能力的差异.结果表明,MYJ方案对10m风速高估最大(平均高估0.66m/s),对2m温度和2m湿度低估最小,YSU和ACM2方案对地面气象要素的模拟效果相近;ACM2方案对于边界层内垂直廓线模拟效果优于YSU和MYJ方案,但是3种参数化方案对边界层内风速均存在高估(高估可达2.6m/s);基于临界垂直湍流交换系数方法定义的边界层高度更能反映大气的垂直扩散能力,MYJ方案边界层高度最小,其模拟的PM2.5浓度最高;MYJ方案对于地面风速的高估,会降低模拟的区域整体PM2.5浓度,但是会增加风速较大区域下风向的PM2.5浓度;ACM2方案对边界层垂直廓线模拟最好,夜间底层垂直湍流交换系数计算值较大,使得ACM2方案对于本次过程中PM2.5等污染物的模拟优于MYJ和YSU方案.

Numerical simulation on heat transfer performance of vertical U-tube with different borehole fill materials

Heat exchange performance of vertical U-tube heat exchanger was studied with two different borehole fill materials and CFD software. Borehole surface temperature and water temperature distribution were simulated on the condition of continuous operation for 8 h in winter with inlet water temperature being 10℃. The results show that there is no obvious difference on heat exchanger performance between the two different borehole fill materials.

Noncommutative Differential Calculus and Its Application on Discrete Spaces

We present the noncommutative differential calculus on the function space of the infinite set and construct a homotopy operator to prove the analogue of the Poincare lemma for the difference complex. Then the horizontal and vertical complexes are introduced with the total differential map and vertical exterior derivative. As the application of the differential calculus, we derive the schemes with the conservation of symplecticity and energy for Hamiltonian system and a two-dimensional integral models with infinite sequence of conserved currents. Then an Euler-Lagrange cohomology with symplectic structure-preserving is given in the discrete classical mechanics.

Study of Performance on Recharging the Borehole by Means of Exhaust-air Energy

In this paper,the performance analysis of recharging the borehole by means of exhaust-air energy is carried out.The results show that a vertical borehole used as heat source for a Ground Source Heat Pump(GSHP)can be recharged in high efficiency.With equal heat transfer capabilities of exhaust-air coil and borehole collector,the system provides a maximum overall efficiency.However,due to ground infinite capacity,the optimum brine flow rate is different from conventional two-exchanger system.The recharging system provides two peak overall efficiencies when the capacity ratio Cr=5 for laminar flow and Cr=15 for turbulent flow respectively.The overall efficiency is independent of exhaust-air temperature and undisturbed ground temperature,although the fluid properties depend on temperature.In practical system lower ethyl percentage brine should be chosen if the freezing point meets the system request,which can provide a higher overall efficiency.

Transition-metal doped edge sites in vertically aligned MoS2 catalysts for enhanced hydrogen evolution

Highly active and low-cost catalysts for electrochemical reactions such as the hydrogen evolution reaction （HER） are crucial for the development of efficient energy conversion and storage technologies. Theoretical simulations have been instrumental in revealing the correlations between the electronic structure of materials and their catalytic activity, and guide the prediction and development of improved catalysts. However, difficulties in accurately engineering the desired atomic sites lead to challenges in making direct comparisons between experi- mental and theoretical results. In MoS2, the Mo-edge has been demonstrated to be active for HER whereas the S-edge is inert. Using a computational descriptor- based approach, we predict that by incorporating transition metal atoms （Fe, Co, Ni, or Cu） the S-edge site should also become HER active. Vertically standing, edge-terminated MoS2 nanofilms provide a well-defined model system for verifying these predictions. The transition metal doped MoS2 nanofilms show an increase in exchange current densities by at least two-fold, in agreement with the theoretical calculations. This work opens up further opportunities for improving electrochemical catalysts by incorporating promoters into particular atomic sites, and for using well-defined systems in order to understand the origin of the promotion effects.

Spring Inserts for the Intensification of the Heat Exchange Process during Boiling in Vertical Tubes--Optimization of Geometric Parameters

The paper presents new criteria for calculation of heat transfer coefficients and flow resistance during boiling inside vertical tubes with spring inserts, developed on the basis of own experimental research. Calculations of the geometric parameters of the spring insert were carried out using the Nelder-Mead optimization method for various optimization criteria(maximizing the increase ratios for heat transfer coefficient and flow resistance, minimizing entropy, own optimization criterion). The results of optimization calculations were verified by the optimization procedures available in Statistica.

Temperature and Concentration Fields in a Generator Integrated to Single Stage Heat Transformer Using Water/Carrol Mixture

The generator is the starter device of single stage heat transformer(SSHT) and its characteristics have main effects on the overall efficiency of this kind of absorption machines.This article reports a study of the generation of steam and changes in the concentration of the working solution(Water/Carrol mixture) into a plate heat exchanger as a function of its horizontal and vertical position by gravity effect.It is considered the analysis of six experimental tests;two were evaluated in a plate heat exchanger in a horizontal position and four in a vertical position(90 degree inclination).The generation of steam and increased concentration of the working solution are more sensitive to the vertical position of exchanger than in horizontal position.The results of numerical-experimental analysis indicates that a heat exchanger in horizontal position,the steam generation and the change in the concentration of the working solution occurring in the middle of the plate(or at greater distance depending to the thermodynamic conditions) and instantly in vertical position(at the input of the plate).