叶绿素垂直分布结构对离水辐亮度光谱特性的影响

全球范围的大多数海区，特别是一类海区，生物－光学特性的垂直分布是不均匀的，南海典型的垂直分布结构是在５０～１００ｍ水层存在极大值分布。本文研究了叶绿素垂直分布结构对离水辐亮度光谱特性的影响，结果表明受叶绿素垂直分布结构影响的灵敏光谱区是４００～６００ｎｍ。当“本底值”增加时，离水辐亮度明显减小，且其峰值波长向长波方向移动，“节点”位置也向长波方向移动。当叶绿素峰值深度向表层移动时，离水辐亮度减小。离水辐亮度随叶绿素极大值宽度的增加而减小。对于叶绿素垂直分布出现极大值的水体，按Ｇｏｒｄｏｎ的假设用“等效水体”处理时，所得离水辐亮度的误差在１２％以上。

东折棱河地区不同类型天然红松林林分结构比较

对东折棱河地区的柞树红松林、枫桦红松林和紫椴红松林等3种典型的阔叶红松林进行了标准地调查,比较了不同类型的天然红松林的林分结构和空间分布格局之间的差异,分析了出现差异的原因,同时判断了不同红松林的群落稳定性。结果发现:在分层现象明显的阔叶红松林中,主林层的红松为优势种,分布最广,占据最大的生存空间,而阔叶树种则在次林层争夺生存空间。在红松林的不同发育阶段,其林分密度不同,但自然稀疏现象的存在使林分结构趋于优化,趋于稳定。

北戴河海滩泥沙捕获实验及其初步结果分析

介绍了利用泥沙捕获器观测破波带泥沙垂直分布结构的现场实验方法和基本程序 ,以及利用实验结果计算泥沙通量的方法。研究表明 ,近岸带泥沙运移通量及其在垂向上的分布受破波带相对位置和海滩地形变化的影响。在破波点附近 ,波浪的搅动和流场作用强 ,泥沙运移通量增大 ,泥沙在波浪的作用下可以大量进入垂直水体以悬移和跃移的方式运移。在本实验中 ,破波点附近的泥沙在距海底 1 0 0 cm的垂直水体中运移 ,通量垂向向上逐渐减小。远离破波点 ,泥沙运移通量和进入垂直水体的高度明显下降。在地形变化复杂的有坝海滩 ,沙坝顶部的泥沙运移通量最大 ,泥沙进入垂直水体运移的机率增加 ,而在沙坝间的沟槽内 ,波浪和海流作用减弱 ,泥沙通量和垂向进入水体运移的比例下降。

青海东部地区冰雹路径的回波分析

1 引言我省海拔高、温度低,大部分地区农作物全年生长一季,生长季5—9月,而冰雹也主要发生在这几个月。由于雹云的尺度小,生命史短、局地性强,冰雹的落区覆盖范围大,给冰雹的预报和预防工作带来一定困难。使用雷达探测,在有效的范围内,不但能够提供雹云的回波垂直分布结构等。

Turbulent dissipation and mixing in Prydz Bay

In this paper, we present measurements of velocity, temperature, salinity, and turbulence collected in Prydz Bay, Antarctica, during February, 2005. The dissipation rates of turbulent kinetic energy （e） and diapycnal diffusivities （Ks） were estimated along a section in front of the Amery Ice Shelf. The dissipation rates and diapycnal diffusivities were spatially non-uniform, with higher values found in the western half of the section where E reached 10.7 W/kg and Kz reached 10.2 mVs, about two and three orders of magnitude higher than those in the open ocean, respectively. In the western half of the section both the dissipation rates and diffusivities showed a high-low-high vertical structure. This vertical structure may have been determined by internal waves in the upper layer, where the ice shelf draft acts as a possible energy source, and by bottom-generated internal waves in the lower layer, where both tides and geostrophic currents are possible energy sources. The intense diapycnal mixing revealed in our observations could contribute to the production of Antarctic Bottom Water in Prydz Bay.

An investigation into the three-dimensional cloud structure over East Asia from the CALIPSO-GOCCP Data

The spatial distribution of clouds and their seasonal variations, and the three-dimensional(3D) cloud structures over East Asia have been analyzed with the CALIPSO-GOCCP data during the period from 2007 to 2012. The results show that there is a large cloud fraction greater than 0.7 over southern China, and the largest cloud fraction appears in southwest China. Besides, a large cloud fraction occurs over the southeast of the Tibetan Plateau. The total and high cloud fractions show notable variations with seasons, while the middle and low cloud fractions vary a little. As for cloud vertical structure, significant differences of the cloud vertical distributions are observed between over land and ocean. Cloud fractions and the height of the maximum cloud fractions decline gradually with the increasing latitude, except for the vertical-latitude profiles over the Tibetan Plateau regions. The longitude-vertical cross sections show similar patterns from the longitude 70° E to 140° E, except the profiles with large cloud fractions over the Tibetan Plateau. From the horizontal distribution patterns and vertical structures of the clouds over East Asia, it is concluded that the huge terrain of the Tibetan Plateau has significant impacts on the cloud formation over the Tibetan Plateau region and the areas to the east. At last, the clouds from the CALIPSO-GOCCP observations are compared to those from the ERA-Interim reanalysis data. The results indicate that the ERA-Interim reanalysis data provide reasonable spatial distribution patterns and the vertical structures in terms of the total cloud fraction over East Asia. However, the total cloud fraction was underestimated about 20% by the ERA-Interim reanalysis data over most parts of East Asia, especially over the neighboring areas east of the Tibetan Plateau. Additionally, the ERA-interim reanalysis data overestimate the cloud fractions at each level in the vertical direction.

The effects of vertical viscosity coefficients with different distribution characteristics on classical Ekman spiral structure

The classical Ekman theory tells us that the ocean surface current turns to the right(left) side of wind direction with 45° in the north(south) hemisphere,but the observation and research results show that the surface current deflexion angle is smaller than 45° in the Arctic and high latitude areas while larger than 45° in the low latitude areas.In order to explain these phenomena,a series of idealized numerical experiments are designed to investigate the influence of vertical viscosity coefficients with different vertical distribution characteristics on the classical and steady Ekman spiral structure.Results show that when the vertical viscosity coefficient decreases with water depth,the surface current deflexion angle is larger than 45°,whereas the angle is smaller than 45° when the vertical viscosity coefficient increases with water depth.So the different observed surface current deflexion angles in low latitude sea areas and the Arctic regions should be attributed to the different vertical distribution characteristics of vertical viscosity coefficients in the upper ocean.The flatness of the Ekman spiral is not equal to one and does not show regular behaviors for the numerical experiments with different distribution of vertical viscosity.However,the magnitudes and directions of volume transport of Ekman spirals are almost the same as the results of classical Ekman theory,i.e.,vertical viscosity coefficient distributions have no effect on the magnitudes and directions of volume transport.

Numerical investigation of particle saltation in the bed-load regime

This paper numerically investigates particle saltation in a turbulent channel flow having a rough bed consisting of 2–3 layers of densely packed spheres.In this study,we combined three the state-of-the-art technologies,i.e.,the direct numerical simulation of turbulent flow,the combined finite-discrete element modelling of the deformation,movement and collision of the particles,and the immersed boundary method for the fluid-solid interaction.Here we verify our code by comparing the flow and particle statistical features with the published data and then present the hydrodynamic forces acting on a particle together with the particle coordinates and velocities,during a typical saltation.We found strong correlation between the abruptly decreasing particle stream-wise velocity and the increasing vertical velocity at collision,which indicates that the continuous saltation of large grain-size particles is controlled by collision parameters such as particle incident angle,local rough bed packing arrangement,and particle density,etc.This physical process is different from that of particle entrainment in which turbulence coherence structures play an important role.Probability distribution functions of several important saltation parameters and the relationships between them are presented.The results show that the saltating particles hitting the windward side of the bed particles are more likely to bounce off the rough bed than those hitting the leeside.Based on the above findings,saltation mechanisms of large grain-size particles in turbulent channel flow are presented.