脚踏式自动消毒医疗废物垃圾桶的设计

目的:设计一种脚踏式自动消毒医疗废物垃圾桶,以有效预防和控制院内感染。方法:该垃圾桶由脚踏式垃圾桶、喷雾系统和电器控制系统组成。脚踏式垃圾桶采用杠杆原理结构,由桶体、平衡块、踏板杆、弹簧、支架等构成。垃圾桶的前面及两侧装有玻璃挡板,背面安装喷雾系统和电气控制系统。结果:该垃圾桶在对医疗废物表面进行消杀的同时可以有效保护医护人员不被桶内病毒感染,确保医护人员的安全。结论:该垃圾桶操作简便、安全可靠,可以有效地预防和控制院内感染,具有较好的临床应用前景,值得推广使用。

基于计算机视觉的废物垃圾分析与识别探讨

将计算机视觉技术与废物垃圾进行有机融合具有重要的意义,可以更好地实现资源回收和利用。该文从此角度的重要性出发,对当下这种技术发展所需的系统需求进行了分析,并在此基础上提出了废物垃圾分析与其相关方案,期望通过这些意见可以给废物垃圾识别和分类带来实质性帮助,从而保证资源能够得到更好的回收和利用。

Utilization of fly ash from coal-fired power plants in China

The rapidly increasing demand for energy in China leads to the construction of new power plants all over the country. Coal, as the main fuel resource of those power plants, results in increasing problems with the disposal of solid residues from combustion and off gas cleaning. This investigation describes chances for the utilization of fly ash from coal-fired power plants in China. After briefly comparing the situation in China and Germany, the status of aluminum recycling from fly ash and the ad- vantages for using fly ash in concrete products are introduced. Chemical and physical analyses of Chinese fly ash samples, e.g., X-ray diffraction (XRD), ICP (Inductive Coupled Plasma) and particle size analysis, water requirement, etc. are presented. Rea- sonable amounts of aluminum were detected in the samples under investigation, but for recovery only sophisticated procedures are available up to now. Therefore, simpler techniques are suggested for the first steps in the utilization of Chinese fly ash.

Application of Grey Situation Decision-Making Theory in Site Selection of a Waste Sanitary Landfill

An application of an unequal-weighted multi-objective decision making method in site selection of a waste sanitary landfill is discussed. The eight factors, which affected possible options, were: size and capacity of the landfill, permeability of the stratum, the average difference in elevation between the groundwater level and the bottom of the landfill pit, quality and source of clay, the quality grade of the landfill site, the effect of landfill engineering on nearby residents, distance to the water supply and the water source as well as the cost of construction and waste transport. These are determined, given the conditions of the geological environment, the need for environmental protection and landfill site construction and transportation related to the design and operation of a sanitary landfill. The weights of the eight factors were further investigated based on the difference in their relevance. Combined with practical experience from Xuzhou city (Jiangsu province, China), the objectives, effects and weights of grey decision-making were deter- mined and the process and outcome of the landfill site selection are stated in detail. The decision-making results have been proven to be acceptable and correct. As we show, unequal-weighted multi-objective grey situation decision-mak- ing is characterized by easy calculations and good maneuverability when used in landfill site selection. The number of factors (objectives) affecting the outcome and the quantitative method of qualitative indices can be adjusted on the basis of concrete conditions in landfill site selection. Therefore, unequal-weighted multi-objective grey situation decision making is a feasible method in selecting landfill sites which offers a reference method for landfill site selection else- where. It is a useful, rational and scientific exploration in the choice of`a landfill site.

Variation of Coenzyme F_(420) Activity and Methane Yield in Landfill Simulation of Organic Waste

A simulated landfill anaerobic bioreactor was used to characterize the anaerobic biodegradation and biogas generation of organic waste which was mainly composed of residuals of vegetables and foods. We investigated the dynamics of the coenzyme F420 activity and determined correlations between biogas yields, methane yields, methane concentration and coenzyme F420 activity. The experiment was carded out under different conditions from control without any treatment, addition of Fe^3＋, microorganism inoculation to a combination of Fe3＋ addition and inoculation at a temperature of 36±2℃. The experiment was lasted 120 d and coenzyme F420 activity was analyzed using ultraviolet spectrophotornetry. Experimental results indicated that activity of the coenzyme F420 treated by Fe and microorganism inoculation increased substantially. The waste treated by inoculation had the greatest increase. When the waste was treated by Fe^3＋, inoculation and the combination of Fe^3＋ and inoculation, biogas yields increased by 46.9%, 132.6% and 153.1%, respectively; while the methane yields increased 4, 97 and 98 times. Methane concentration varied between 0 and 6% in the control reactor, from 0 to 14% for waste treated by the addition of Fe^3＋, from 0 to 59% for waste treated by inoculation and from 0 to 63% for waste treated by Fe^3＋ addition and inoculation. Correlations between coenzyme F420 activity and biogas production, methane production and methane concentration proved to be positively significant （p〈0.05）, except for the control. Consequently, coenzyme F420 activity could be used as an index for monitoring the activity of methanogens during anaerobic biodegradation of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste.

Effect of Moisture on Partitioning of Heavy Metals in Incineration of Municipal Solid Waste

The effect of moisture in municipal solid waste (MSW) on partitioning of lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu) and cadmium (Cd) was studied in a laboratory tubular furnace by using simulated MSW. The moisture in MSW influences heavy metals in following ways, to increase the moisture in flue gas and decrease the combustion temperature, to prolong the combustion time, and to prolong the releasing time of volatiles with the furnace temperature decreased by increasing the moisture. The volatilization of Pb, Zn and Cd was enhanced by increasing the moisture in MSW because of the prolonged combustion time. For Pb and Zn, the combustion time was important at higher temperature, while for Cd, it was important at low temperature. The moisture content showed slight effect on Cu partitioning. When extra chlorine was added to MSW, such as 1%PVC + 0.5%NaCl, the volatilization of Pb, Zn and Cu was enhanced by increasing the moisture because water evaporation reduced the temperature and increased devolatilization time. At higher temperature, NaCl tends to decompose and generates more free chlorine, producing more metal chlorides. Since Cd is a strong volatile heavy metal in MSW, the effect of moisture content on its volatilization is less than that of Pb, Zn or Cu during the MSW incineration.

Turning, Microbial Inoculation and Use of Eisenia foetida in Household Organic Waste Composting

On site composting of organic household wastes is an economical and environmentally tiiendly way to manage municipal wastes. In this manuscript authors evaluated the importance of turning the wastes and of inoculating microorganisms and worms in order to unprove the composting process at domestic scale. Four treatments （Control without turning- C-, Control with Turning- CT- inoculated Mountain Microorganism with turning- MM- and Worms without turning- W-） were tested in a random experiment with tour replicates. Sixteen composting bins were fed with 300 kg of organic wastes from a local street market. The process of compostnig lasted 13 weeks after which all the composts were sifted and submitted to a range of chemical, physical and biological analysis. According to the results MM slightly increased the initial temperature and enzymatic activiry. This investigation outcome don＇t provide of sufficient grounds for a precise recommendation about worms inoculation in compost bins. A decrease between 75% and 80% in the fresh weight of the organic waste was found in the first thirteen weeks after starting the composting process in all the treatments. The quality level of the compost was acceptable, with very low heavy metal content. Turn over helps to keep the product hygienic especially after the inoculation with MM microbial starts. In conclusion and according to the results of this investigation, the use of 320 L compost bins for the organic waste management is strongly advisable.

Laboratory testing of a densified municipal solid waste in Beijing

Municipal solid waste （MSW） and its disposal are gaining significant importance in geotechnical and geoenvironmental engineering. However, conventional research is primarily focused on fresh MSW or MSW that is compacted under its own weight in the landfill. In this work, a series of tests to study the properties of a densified MSW after ground treatment were presented. The tests involved oedometer test, simple shear test, triaxial shear test, and permeability test, which were conducted to investigate the compressibility, shear strength, creep behavior and permeability of the MSW. The results show that the compressibility modulus of the MSW increases as the dry density increases. However, the influence of density on modulus decreases once the density reaches a certain value. Like most soils, the stress-strain curve of the densified MSW can be approximated by a hyperbola in the triaxial shear test. Fibrous components provide additional cohesion for MSW, but have a relatively smaller effect on friction angle. Permeability is also found to be closely related to the dry density of the MSW, i.e., MSW with a higher dry density has a smaller permeability. The permeability coefficient may be less than 10 7 cm/s if the density is high enough.

特种传染病医院设计中医疗废弃物的综合处理

本文从医院动力专业工程设计角度出发,针对治疗、研究SARS及其它烈性传染病,安全性等级高的特种传染病医院,就医疗废弃物的综合处理问题介绍了一些常用处理方法与处理设备。以实例给出了以回转窑污废处理系统为主要处理手段的一个解决方案。介绍了该类医院动力设计的几个注意要点。对后SARS时代综合医院的污废处理问题做了切合实际的表述。

Experimental research on the compressibility of stale waste

The compressibility of stale waste is studied based on the investigation into the composition and properties of stale waste in the Chongqing City. Stale waste sampled at a landfill closed for over 8 a was analyzed indoors for its natural density, natural water content, relative density, grain size distribution curve, uniformity coefficient and curvature coefficient. Indoor compression tests for the stale waste were performed to find out the void ratio and its dependence upon applied pressure, compressibility coefficient, constrained modulus and volume compressibility coefficient. From the experimental data, the curvature coefficient and the preconsolidation pressure of the stale waste were worked out. The results indicates that the stale waste is of high compressibility, which is different from the other kinds of common soil, and is underconsolidated soil. The measured compressibility parameters are applicable to settlement calculation of closed landfills.

Microstructures and thermal properties of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash

To analyze the feasibility of utilization of thermal technology in fly ash treatment, thermal properties and microstructures of municipal solid waste incineration （MSW1） fly ash were studied by measuring the chemical element composition, specific surface area, pore sizes, functional groups, TEM image, mineralogy and DSC-TG curves of raw and sintered fly ash specimens. The results show that MSWI fly ash particles mostly have irregular shapes and non-typical pore structure, and the supersonic treatment improves the pore structure; MSWI fly ash consists of Such crystals as SiO2, CaSO4 and silica-aluminates, and some soluble salts like KCl and NaCl. During the sintering process, mineralogy changes largely and novel solid solutions are produced gradually with the rise of temperature. Therefore, the utilization of a proper thermal technology not only destructs those persistent organic toxicants but also stabilizes hazardous heavy metals in MSWI fly ash.

Utilization of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash in lightweight aggregates

Washing pre-treatrnent of municipal solid waste incineration （MSWI） fly ash blended with shale and sludge was utilized in the manufacture of light-weight aggregates and processed to form ceramic pellets. A formula uniform design was performed to arrange the mixture ratio of the materials. The optimal mixture ratio of the materials was determined by measuring the bulk density, granule strength, and 1 h water absorption of the pellets. It is shown that the optimal mixture ratios of materials, MSWI fly ash, shale, and sludge, are 23.16%, 62.58%, and 14.25% （mass fraction）, respectively. The performance testing indicators of light-weight aggregates are obtained under the optimum mixture ratio： bulk density of 613 kg/m3, granule strength of 821N, and 1 h water absorption of 11.6%, meeting 700 grade light-aggregate of GB/T 17431.2--1998 standard. The results suggest that utilization of MSWI fly ash in light-weight aggregates is an effective method and a potential means to create much more values.

Perspectives for Energetic Destination of MSW （Municipal Solid Waste）

The correct individuation of the best final destination for MSW cannot ignore the option of thermal treatment, taking into account both the possibility of energy recovery and the capacity of the thermal process to destroy an important part of the pollutants that are originally present in the waste itself. In order to realize this operation, it is possible to use conventional incineration systems, but also to consider new innovative processes and technologies; among them, production of RDF （refuse derived fuel） is quite often used in process plants, and gasification of waste seems to be a promising solution. The aim of the present paper is a critical analysis of the above-mentioned solutions, not only from the operational point of view but also on the basis of the status of the art of practical applications and in consideration of the most significant results for the Italian and European situation. For the application of these technologies a specific Italian case has been considered： it consists of the correct individuation of waste management modality for final destination of wastes produced in a city located in Piedmont （north of Italy）. The results of the analysis highlight the environmental and economic convenience, for the specific considered case, of the direct combustion in incineration plant of the all amount of the wastes produced. From the considered specific example some more general conclusions can be drawn.

Plate Load Tests on Municipal Solid Waste Dump Site to Assess Ground Improvement Alternatives

Urbanization is the physical growth of urban areas as a result of global change. As the land cost is increasing tremendously and decreasing availability of good construction site is building up pressure on the engineers to utilize even the poorest site either by providing special type of foundation or by improving ground in urban centres. In this context literature is reviewed for use of landfill site for housing. The site exploration for old dump site was carried out to assess subsoil characteristics. The objective was to evolve strategy for economical feasible ground improvement technique to obtain permissible bearing capacity of 150 kPa and total settlement not more than 50 mm. The tests carried out are load tests with geotextile mat and stone filled wire mess matress. The analysis was attempted to evaluate the soil response and bearing capacity. The site can be used for construction of low rise housing for rehabilitation of displaced persons under TP scheme within city area utilizing old landfill sites.

Environment in Tirana and Its Pollution as a Result of Urban Development after 90 Years

Developments of these last two decades in Albania after the fall of communism are associated with major changes both in terms of socio-economic and environmental simultaneously. In the context as for environmental change, Albania is one of the countries with a wide range of problems that have been and are constantly in the focus of attention not only state institutions but also non-governmental organizations operating in authors＇ country. In this city that appears to approach a problem from the stand point of the environment is Tirana. Tirana as the capital of this country has experienced two decades such an extra ordinary transformation that has not been without its environmental costs. Human activities have transformed the environment in Tirana. Greater quantities of waste generated especially solid waste are those caused by major construction boom in Tirana performed. Considerable amount of clinical waste involved in urban waste, in places where hospital, sand clinics, and though a part of Tirana clinical waste burned in special places. With the economy in this city, this volume will increase. In this context, authors＇ theme will focus on a more extensive treatment of these problem, sand forecasts above are provided in the future as well as measures to reduce them to levels required by the EU and to have a quality of life good.

An Analysis of Solid Waste Generation and Characterization in Thika Municipality of Kiambu County, Kenya

The rapid increase in population in Thika has led to increase in municipal solid waste generation, which has posed challenges in the waste disposal and management. This study was carried out to quantify and characterize the waste generated within Thika municipality. Six months data （between March 2014 and August 2014） of waste stream at the dumpsite was reviewed and analyzed. The survey indicated that 66.95% ± 0.34% of the total waste dumped originated from the municipal council ofThika （MCT）. It constitutes of domestic, commercial and institutional waste. 33.05% is industrial waste. Sixty eight percent （68%） of the waste consisted primarily of four components： paper, plastic, organics and food. Food accounted for 15.51% ± 0.95%, paper 18.31% ± 1.7%, plastics 17.89% ± 0.81% and organics other than food 16.51% ±1.01%, respectively obtained at 95% confidence level. Each of the components has some level of recovery. Some of the reusable and recyclable materials were being recovered, food waste had the highest recovery rate of 23% ± 1.7% and was used as animal feed, while plastic （soft plastic） 17% ± 0.93% was sold to recyclers. Recovery of materials for recycling and composting was estimated at 10.21 tonnes or 11.35% of daily generation, leaving 76.44 tonnes per day that can be converted into useful energy. The study shows waste in this dumpsite can be exploited to by converting it to energy thus a good solution for waste management.

Geotechnical behavior of the MSW in Tianziling landfill

The valley shaped Tianziling landfill of Hangzhou in China built in 1991 to dispose of municipal solid waste (MSW) was designed for a service life of 13 years. The problem of waste landfill slope stability and expansion must be considered from the geotechnical engineering point of view, for which purpose, it is necessary to understand the geotechnical properties of the MSW in the landfill, some of whose physical properties were measured by common geotechnical tests, such as those on unit weight, water content, organic matter content, specific gravity, coefficient of permeability, compressibility, etc. The mechanical properties were studied by direct shear test, triaxial compression test, and static and dynamic penetration tests. Some strength parameters for engineering analysis were obtained.

Application Example of Reinforced Concrete Frame Structure Waste Dam in the Proiect of Valley Sanitary Landfill

waste dam is one of the most important infrastructures in the project of valley sanitary landfill. On one hand, it forms the landfill capacity required. On the other hand, it improves the slope stability of waste body. Consequently, I think it is very significant to maintain the stability of waste dana for the whole sanitary landfill. Combining with a project example, aiming at the special geological conditions, we have made three plans of waste dam structure, calculation and analysis comparison respectively. Reinforced concrete frame waste dam is highlighted in the project for its advantages, smoothly solving the three problems in the engineering.