山东日照垃圾处理厂截污坝工程施工

介绍山东日照市垃圾处理厂截污坝工程施工概况,重点介绍垂直防渗帷幕灌浆工程和坝体工程施工工艺、技术,对帷幕灌浆技术参数、存在问题及坝体混凝土浇筑方法、模板加固措施进行了详细论述。

乌鲁木齐西山大浦沟垃圾卫生填埋场工艺设计

本文对乌鲁木齐市西山大浦沟垃圾卫生填埋场工程的选址、工程地质条件、填埋场总体设计等作了概述，并简要介绍了防渗系统、垃圾截污坝、渗沥液导排系统、导气系统、排洪系统、渗沥液的处理等主要工程的设计。

H_2S removal in landfill leachate treatment using UASB reactor

Leachate from a sanitary landfill site in Chengdu, China is treated using a hybrid-UASB reactor at pilot scale. H2S, resulting from the anaerobic bioconversion process of sulfate-reducing bacteria（SRB）, inhibits the growth and activity of methane-producing bacteria（MPB）and poses serious problems of pollution, so FeCl3is used for H2S removal. The results show that the system performs well in the treatment process. COD removal generally increases with the increase in the organic loading rate（OLR）, while the sulfate removal decreases slowly. As the OLR is higher than 7 kgCOD/（m3·d）, both COD and sulfate removal tend to be stable. When the reactor is operated at the design load of 9 kgCOD/（m3·d）, COD and sulfate removal remain about 79% and 91%, respectively. At the same time, the percentage of COD removed by SRB（CODSRB）also decreases from 8.9% to 4.0%. With FeCl3 addition, COD removal increases to 83%, while sulfate removal and CODSRBfurther decrease to 89% and 1.89%, respectively. According to the mass balance, nearly 82% of the sulfur is prevented from converting into H2S. Moreover, when the FeCl3 dosage is more than 1.6 g/L leachate, H2S can be removed totally from the biogas. Therefore, the application of FeCl3 for H2S removal in leachate treatment using the UASB reactor is very suitable and viable.

璧山:生态文明开“奇葩”

统计至9月,重庆市璧山区各级人大先后组织开展有关生态文明建设的专题调研等监督活动100余次,走访接待群众6800人次,提出意见建议830条,督促政府和有关部门解决各类生态问题200余个。这是该区人大常委会启动"依法保护环境,推动生态文明"代表主题活动取得的部分实效。区人大常委会主任薛方梅表示,确定助推生态文明主题,旨在紧密结合全区创建国家级生态文明示范区重点工作,与政府工作实现"协同作战",避免"孤军深入"。同时也是坚持关注群众的切身利益,积极回应群众对改善生活环境的热切愿望。

Molecular analysis of microbial community in a groundwater sample polluted by landfill leachate and seawater

Seashore landfill aquifers are environments of special physicochemical conditions (high organic load and high sa- linity), and microbes in leachate-polluted aquifers play a significant role for intrinsic bioremediation. In order to characterize microbial diversity and look for clues on the relationship between microbial community structure and hydrochemistry, a cul- ture-independent examination of a typical groundwater sample obtained from a seashore landfill was conducted by sequence analysis of 16S rDNA clone library. Two sets of universal 16S rDNA primers were used to amplify DNA extracted from the groundwater so that problems arising from primer efficiency and specificity could be reduced. Of 74 clones randomly selected from the libraries, 30 contained unique sequences whose analysis showed that the majority of them belonged to bacteria (95.9%), with Proteobacteria (63.5%) being the dominant division. One archaeal sequence and one eukaryotic sequence were found as well. Bacterial sequences belonging to the following phylogenic groups were identified: Bacteroidetes (20.3%), β, γ, δ and ε-subdivisions of Proteobacteria (47.3%, 9.5%, 5.4% and 1.3%, respectively), Firmicutes (1.4%), Actinobacteria (2.7%), Cyanobacteria (2.7%). The percentages of Proteobacteria and Bacteroides in seawater were greater than those in the groundwater from a non-seashore landfill, indicating a possible influence of seawater. Quite a few sequences had close relatives in marine or hypersaline environments. Many sequences showed affiliations with microbes involved in anaerobic fermentation. The remarkable abundance of sequences related to (per)chlorate-reducing bacteria (ClRB) in the groundwater was significant and worthy of further study.

Experimental research on the compressibility of stale waste

The compressibility of stale waste is studied based on the investigation into the composition and properties of stale waste in the Chongqing City. Stale waste sampled at a landfill closed for over 8 a was analyzed indoors for its natural density, natural water content, relative density, grain size distribution curve, uniformity coefficient and curvature coefficient. Indoor compression tests for the stale waste were performed to find out the void ratio and its dependence upon applied pressure, compressibility coefficient, constrained modulus and volume compressibility coefficient. From the experimental data, the curvature coefficient and the preconsolidation pressure of the stale waste were worked out. The results indicates that the stale waste is of high compressibility, which is different from the other kinds of common soil, and is underconsolidated soil. The measured compressibility parameters are applicable to settlement calculation of closed landfills.

Prediction on contaminant migration in aquifer of fractured granite substrata of landfill

Nowadays,a certain amount of landfills in China were constructed without horizontal liner system.The research conducted focuses mainly on the contaminants from landfill leachate migrating in the aquifer of a fractured granite area,and pollution predictions for groundwater were made by establishing numerical model with Visual Modflow combining field investigation like geological surveys,drilling,geophysical explorations,hydrogeological experiments,water quality analysis.The transportation of the chloride ion from landfill in the aquifer was simulated in the model with time frames of 2 555,3 650,5 475 and7 300 d.The model shows that from 2 555 d to 7 300 d starting from 2003,the chloride ion migrated from 900 m to 1 300 m,respectively,along the groundwater flow.The results indicate that as leachate plume migrated in the aquifer,the concentration of the pollutants can be up to 19.74 to 251.76 times that of background value.The research proves that the leachate poses a threat to the local water body and offers a reference towards groundwater pollution prevention for fractured granite landfill sites.

Separating trash and solid materials from the wastewater ammonia stripping tower UASB biological oxidation pond processes for the treatment of the swine factory＇s wastewater

By making the use of the processes which includes separating trash and solid materials from the wastewater-ammonia stripping tower-UASB-biological oxidation pond, we have treated the wastewater which comes from the swine factory. The treated wastewater can meet the primary standard of The People＇s Republic of China based on sewage discharge standards and the wastewater treatment project design contract （GBl8596-2001）, and the effluent will be used as irrigation-water. We introduce this project including the quality of influent and effluent and the flow scheme, the statement of every part, the investment and the effect, etc. The operation indicated that this process has many merits such as the stability in operation-effect and the convenience in management. So it will provide some help for the similar wastewater treatment.

CH4 emission and recovery from Municipal Solid Waste in China

Methane (CH 4) is an important greenhouse gas and a major environmental pollutant, second only to carbon dioxide (CO 2) in its contribution to potential global warming. In many cases, methane emission from landfills otherwise emitted to the atmosphere can be removed and utilized, or significantly reduced in quantity by using cost effective management methods. The gas can also be used as a residential, commercial, or industrial fuel. Therefore, emission reduction strategies have the potential to become low cost, or even profitable. The annual growth rate of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) output in China is 6.24%, with the highest levels found in South China, Southwest China and East China. Cities and towns are developing quickly in these regions. MSW output was only 76.36 Mt in 1991 and increased to 109.82 Mt in 1997, registering an average increase of 43.8%. In China, methane emission from landfills also increased from 5.88 Mt in 1991 to 8.46 Mt in 1997; so the recovery of methane from landfills is a profitable project.

Study on Aerobic Composting of Mixed Municipal Sludge, Kitchen Waste and Water Hyacinth

In this study, a in vessel aerobic composting method is adopted to investigate the variation rules of various evaluation parameters （temperature, moisture content, pH, organic matter, water soluble ammonia nitrogen, water soluble nitrate nitrogen and germination index） in cocomposting of municipal sludge, kitchen waste and water hyacinth at different proportions. The results show that, in composting, the parameters of moisture content, pH, water soluble ammonia nitrogen and water soluble nitrate nitrogen demonstrate marked dynamic change rules during composting process; the temperature of three groups of compost materials rapidly rise to above 55 ~C within 96h, and last for 3 - 7d, meeting the harmless requirements, and their organic matter degradation rate excess 30%, the GI index is higher than 83%, in line with the requirements on maturity, which proves that the co-composting of municipal sludge, kitchen waste and water hyacinth can realize harmlessness and resource reutilization after composting.

Analysis of pollutant components in landfill leachate from hinterland landfill in Three Gorge Water Reservoir

This paper mainly discusses the protection of water resource environment in Three Gorge Water Reservoir, a systematic investigation and analysis of the landfill leachate＇s polluting components, hazardous and changing rule in landfill leachate from hinterland landfill located in the surrounding area have been carried out, and proposed the countermeasures for disposition the leachate furtherly.

Assessment of Risk to Human Health from Landfill Gas at Sharra Landfill, Tirana--Albania

Urban waste management and particularly dumpsites represents one of the most significant problems tot the long term protection of public health and environment in Albania. All waste management options, including landfilling, involve an element of risk to human health. This article addresses the question, if sources of emissions from Sharra landfill lead theoretically to public exposures exceeding health criteria？ This question is approached using an exposure pathway analysis framework, which link a source of one or more harmful pollutants at a site with a human receptor that inhales the pollutant. The risk posed to human health from HCHO （formaldehyde） and dioxin is estimated for on-site and off-site receptors in Sharra landfill. For on-site receptors, the average risk to get harm through the inhalation pathway from HCHO is in the range of 20 times to 300 times greater than allowed risk value, while for off-site receptors the average risk is in the range of 10 times to 180 times greater. While for dioxin the risk is in the range from 50 to 600 for on-site receptors and 10 to 35 for off-site receptors, times greater than often allowed risk.

Studies on Human Intestinal Parasites in Refuse Dumps

This study investagated the data of the prevalence of intestinal parasites of human from September 2007 to July 2008 using faecal samples which were picked from refuse dump sites. A total of 2,050 stool samples picked and examined from five selected popular refuse dump sites in Ado-Ekiti. And Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia and Balantidium coli were mostly identified. The analysis of the infection shows that E. histolytica has a percentage prevalence of 65.5%, followed by G. lamblia with 42.5% and B. coli having 1.9%. Multiple infections of these parasites were also prevalent. There was a positive correlation （r=0.995, P〈0.05） between percentage prevalence of infection and home surroundings, waste, sewage disposal facilities and habits. Also, there was a significant difference （t=1 1.06, P〈0.05） in the prevalence of infections between location A and B. Probable ways of eliminating/controlling the disease are also highlighted.

Ecosystem of East Calcutta Wetlands as an Example of Environmental Protection in India

The East Calcutta Wetlands （West Bengal, India） receive the urban sewage of Calcutta. Part of the wetlands is also used as a landfill. A sizeable peri-urban population （some resident, some commuting） are engaged in the area in fishing, agriculture, vegetable farming and garbage recycling activities. The importance of the wetlands is that they maintain the food chain and ecological balance, absorb pollution, treat sewage, and sustain fishes. This study of the Wetlands aimed to： [1） identify the local livelihoods based on use of urban wastewater; （2） estimate the value of direct benefits derived by these stakeholders from its use; and （3） estimate the environmental impact of East Calcutta Wetlands on stakeholders. Three main livelihood options using wastewater were identified： fisheries, paddy cultivation and garbage farming. Use of urban wastewater provides significant income for the poor residing in the wetlands. However adverse environmental and health impacts are occurring as urban expansion is allowed without an understanding of how to preserve the ecological, environmental and economic benefits of the sewage-fed aquaculture system. Focused and directed developmental programs must be devised to protect the East Calcutta Wetlands while improving the living standards of the people residing there.

Municipal Landfill as a Source of Fulvic Acids Polluting Water

The FAs （fulvic acids） belong to natural organic contaminants that are commonly found in different environments. In the process of oxidation and disinfection FAs are precursors of toxic substances, which cause a problem in many water treatment plants. In the sewage treatment plants, FAs are not biodegradable and together with purified wastewater and are discharged into surface waters. One of important source of the formation of FAs is the municipal landfill. In this thesis the authors test the amount of soluble fulvic acids present in the leachate of Barycz landfill in Krakow. The extracted FAs were subjected to a detailed analysis for the content of metals and IR spectrum analysis has also been done. Basing on elemental composition the C/O, C/H and C/N ratios have been determined. The obtained data were compared with the characteristics specified in the literature.

Effect of Change in Rate of Emissions Furan/Dioxin of Public Health Risk on WTE Gede Bage

Bandung, adopted a policy to build Waste to Energy （WTE） systems with a combustion capacity of 500 tons/day. WTE technologies will burn waste that is fed and utilized energy generated to be converted into electrical energy. This technology has the potential to reduce the volume of waste more effectively, but WTE also emit various harmful contaminants, including Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans （PCDF） and Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins （PCDDs）. WTE equipped with air pollution control, so that the emission of harmful contaminants can be controlled and detected continuously. This study only discusses contaminants PCDF and PCDDs, and the effect of air pollution control work against public health risks. In this study, the efficiency of air pollution control is assumed at 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 90% and 99%, while the public health risk assessment carried out for the projected 15 years into the future. Public health risk assessment carried out by the calculation of the health risk of carcinogenic （liver cancer）. A causal relationship between the independent variable efficiency of air pollution control with one dependent variable number of liver cancer patients, obtained the simple linear regression equation Y = 76.4592 - 0.7692X.

Optimization of Methane Production Based on Mixture Content of Sewage Sludge, Food Waste, and Glycerol

This paper presents bench scale experiments related to anaerobic co-digestion of aerobic sewage sludge from a pilot WWTP （waste water treatment plants）, raw glycerol from a biodiesel industry and food waste. Assays were conducted in 100 mL non-stirring penicillin vessels, at 30 ℃ and planned according to three optimization phases： （1） binary mixture of sewage sludge and FW （food waste）; （2） binary mixture of sewage sludge and glycerol; and （3） ternary mixture of sewage sludge, FW, and glycerol. In the first and second phases, the highest SMP （specific methane production） was achieved by 10% （v/v） FW and 0.5% （v/v） glycerol mixtures. The optimization of the ternary mixture during the third phase was reached by the combination of 10% （v/v） FW and 0.4% （v/v） glycerol. Despite the low SMP value, the addition of glycerol and FW contributed to doubling the SMP value of the sludge sample control.

Environment in Tirana and Its Pollution as a Result of Urban Development after 90 Years

Developments of these last two decades in Albania after the fall of communism are associated with major changes both in terms of socio-economic and environmental simultaneously. In the context as for environmental change, Albania is one of the countries with a wide range of problems that have been and are constantly in the focus of attention not only state institutions but also non-governmental organizations operating in authors＇ country. In this city that appears to approach a problem from the stand point of the environment is Tirana. Tirana as the capital of this country has experienced two decades such an extra ordinary transformation that has not been without its environmental costs. Human activities have transformed the environment in Tirana. Greater quantities of waste generated especially solid waste are those caused by major construction boom in Tirana performed. Considerable amount of clinical waste involved in urban waste, in places where hospital, sand clinics, and though a part of Tirana clinical waste burned in special places. With the economy in this city, this volume will increase. In this context, authors＇ theme will focus on a more extensive treatment of these problem, sand forecasts above are provided in the future as well as measures to reduce them to levels required by the EU and to have a quality of life good.

Health Risks Assessment Due to Exposure to Vinyl Chloride in Groundwater from a Closed Landfill： A Case Study as a Contaminant of Concern and Effect of Subsurface Characteristics

The purpose of this study was to analyze the migration pathways of contaminants from closed landfills and to estimate health risks based on soil characteristics. The health risks were estimated using Framework for Risk Analysis Multimedia Environmental Systems （FRAMES） software. The sensitivity of human health risks and hazard indices due to vinyl chloride contamination in groundwater were performed in relation to soil characteristics such as Darcy velocity, thickness of soil layer, mass of contaminant present in the aquifer. Based on the analysis, Darcy velocity showed no effect on estimated risks. Since soil layer thickness had a significant effect on the estimated health risks, effects of different soil types on estimated risks were analyzed. The results showed that soils from the least appropriate to the most appropriate for risk management due to groundwater contamination were sand, sandy clay, sandy loam, loam and clay loam. FRAMES model was suitable for assessing the health risks due to vinyl chloride contamination in groundwater originating from a municipal solid waste landfill. The model showed the changes in both carcinogenic and non carcinogenic risks over time. The estimated health risks were directly correlated with the levels of vinyl chloride detected in groundwater.