西南地区农村生活垃圾特征与群众环保意识

随机选择我国西南地区22个自然村,通过问卷调查、现场采样和实验室测试等方法,对当地农村生活垃圾的污染和处理现状,垃圾特征,群众对生活垃圾的认知、支付意愿和影响因素进行调研。结果表明,我国西南地区农村人均生活垃圾产生量为178 g·d-1,主要组分为厨余、灰土、橡胶和纸类。垃圾容重、含水率、灰分、可燃物和热值分别为107 kg·m-3、37.04%、25.73%、37.23%和8 008 k J·kg-1。该地区生活垃圾具有惰性物质含量低、容重低,可回收物比例和热值高的特征。群众对生活垃圾的污染性认知主要来源于直观感受,对可回收生活垃圾的认知直接受当地废品回收商的影响,对有毒有害垃圾的认知不足。年龄、受教育程度和家庭年收入对认知水平有一定的影响,对群众支付意愿无明显影响。群众的支付意愿与垃圾收费呈指数衰减关系,以每户每月不超过5元为宜。在西南地区农村实施生活垃圾处理收费制度已具有一定的基础。

中国农村生活垃圾管理模式探讨——三级分化 有效治理农村生活垃圾

针对农村生活垃圾及其处理的特点,为降低难度更有效地处理好农村生活垃圾,提出了对农村生活垃圾进行三次分化,用不同措施分别处理不同特点的农村生活垃圾,从而使其处理难度和费用最小化。首先分类收集作为基础,按不同类别对农村生活垃圾进行收集；其次,分离出产生源集中、规模较大和成分较单一的乡镇街道、畜禽养殖场和乡村企业等三类农村垃圾进行专门管理：最后依据有机垃圾的不同特点,分成农业主导型、非农业主导型和城郊型三类区域进行专门的垃圾处理。

基于支持向量机的垃圾短信拦截系统

为了建立一个良好的垃圾短信拦截系统,首先对于垃圾短信的特征进行分析,从而得到垃圾短信与正常短信的区别;其次,通过分析各个拦截方法,合理进行安排,从而得到一个层次分明的拦截系统;最后,通过设立再学习系统,以便适应垃圾短信的不断变化。

我国农村生活垃圾分类收运模式探究——以杭州市为例

为探索适宜推广的农村生活垃圾分类收运方法,以杭州市的10个行政村为调研对象,通过座谈访问、问卷调查、实地检测以及生活垃圾物理组成分析等方式,研究杭州市农村生活垃圾组成特征,以验证其源头分类方法的适用性,并分析不同分类收运方式对垃圾分类工作的影响,从经济性、运行状况以及管理与社会评价等方面综合评估杭州市农村主要的生活垃圾分类收运模式。结果表明:杭州市农村生活垃圾中主要组分为厨余类、纸类、橡胶塑料类、纺织类、灰土类和玻璃类,分别占垃圾总量的55.9%、9.0%、10.8%、5.7%、4.0%和7.2%;易腐垃圾、有害垃圾和可回收物的比例分别为55%、1%和20%,且易腐垃圾适于用堆肥化方式处理;在农村生活垃圾分类工作推进初期,"二分法"(分为易腐垃圾和其他垃圾两类)是较理想的源头分类方法;杭州市农村生活垃圾主要通过3种模式分类收运,且采用不同的分类收运模式明显影响了垃圾分类工作的经济成本和易腐垃圾的有效收运比例,显著影响了基层管理执行人员的管理效能、农村居民分类投放垃圾的正确率及其对垃圾分类工作的接受度。研究表明,在农村生活垃圾分类工作实施初期,较适宜的分类收运方法是上门收运农户门前分类垃圾桶中易腐垃圾和其他垃圾。

标准曲线法应用至生活垃圾分类投放效果评测的探索

2019年7月1日,上海颁布实施《上海市生活垃圾管理条例》,正式全面启动生活垃圾分类工作,全市分类投放情况成为日常考察的重点。在考察过程中,对分类投放效果的评价往往难以做出定量化判断,是影响垃圾分类效果评估的主要不确定因子。本文结合标准曲线方法总结评测曲线中的重量百分比与垃圾特征之间的关系,对居民区进行打分测评并得出结论。

质量检测机构防垃圾邮件网关的运用

本文分析了质量检测机构垃圾邮件防护方面存在的一些安全隐患,提出了运用梭子鱼(Barracuda)邮件网关对其进行防护及加固。引入了垃圾邮件定义、特征、类型,垃圾邮件过滤技术等概念,详细分析了各种防护过滤技术手段,从而确保整体邮件往来的顺畅及安全。

Researches on Classification Features of Rural and Urban Domestic Waste in Tianjin City Under Secondary Classification Mode

In order to investigate the influence of secondary classification mode on waste generation features, this study classified domestic waste generated by 310 rural and urban households at urban areas and Shuigaozhuang Village of Xiqing District into 3 groups： compostable materials, recyclable materials and toxics on the basis of the constructed secondary classification mode of domestic waste. The study focused on waste generation strength and classification features, compared the waste generation features between rural and urban residents, and analyzed the re- lation between waste generation strength and economic and cultural factors. The re- sults indicated that the average generation speed of urban domestic waste was 423.08 g/（d.capita）, and that of rural domestic waste was 629.89 g/（d.capita）, there was significant difference between rural and urban compost generation strength （P= 0.00002）, while the generation strength of recyclable materials and toxics between rural and urban areas had no significant difference （P=0.471 and P=0.099, respec- tively）. Secondary classification mode is an effective source classification mode for domestic wastes and has positive effects on waste reduction and treatment.

北京市垃圾填埋场地下水水质自动监测特征指标筛选

为筛选北京市垃圾填埋场地下水水质自动监测的特征指标,对垃圾填埋场地下水水质的监测数据进行了因子分析,并与垃圾填埋场渗滤液成分进行了对比研究。得到结论:北京市垃圾填埋场新建大口径监测井地下水水质自动监测可选择垃圾填埋场地下水污染特征指标为:总硬度、氯化物、氨氮、硝酸盐氮、锰和铁,而对于原有的监测井建议选择特征指标为:氯化物、氨氮、硝酸盐氮。

Oxygen Gasification of Municipal Solid Waste in a Fixed-bed Gasifier

Four waste materials, paper, wood, textile and kitchen garbage, in municipal solid waste were gasified separately with oxygen in a fixed bed reactor. The yields of products char. tar and gas, the composition of gas components H2, CO, CO2 and CH4, and the lower heating value （LHV） were examined at temperatures between 700 and 900 ℃ and equivalence ratio （ER） between 0.14 and 0.32. Characteristics of gas evolution during gasification were inves- tigated. Results show that a higher temperature improves the formation of H2 and CO while lowers the yield of CO2 and CH4. The LHV of syngas increases with temperature and varies in the range of 6-10 MJ. m-3 reaching the maximum at 800 ℃ or above. As ER increases, both combustible gas component and LHV of syngas decrease while the yield of CO2 rises linearly. The appropriate ER for obtaining high quality gas is in the range of 0.18-0.23. Temperature and ER have significant effects on the product distribution. Higher temperature and ER are favorable for higher gas yield and lower yield of char and tar in the gasification of textile and kitchen garbage. At 800 ℃, the gas evolution may be divided into two regions. In the first region, the flow rate of gas increases and then de- creases ranidlv, while in the second reuion the flow rate decreases monotonically to lower level.

Adsorption characteristics of construction waste for heavy metals from urban stormwater runoff

Stormwater runoff has become an important source of surface water pollution. Bioretention, a low impact development measure in urban stormwater management, has been proven to be effective in the removal of pollutants from stormwater runoff, with appropriate bioretention media. In this study, construction wastes were selected as bioretention media to remove heavy metals from stormwater runoff. Static and dynamic adsorption batch experiments were carried out to investigate the adsorption of heavy metals in simulated stormwater runoff system with construction wastes in different particle sizes. The experimental results show that the pseudo-secondorder kinetic model characterizes the adsorption process and the adsorption equilibrium data are well described by Freundlich isotherm model. The construction wastes used can remove heavy metals from stormwater runoff effectively, with their average removal rates all more than 90%. The particle size of construction wastes greatly influences the equilibrium time, rate and adsorption capacity for heavy metals.

Characteristics of MSWI fly ash during vitrification

The vitrification characteristics of municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) fly ash were investigated. Effects of temperature on the binding efficiency of heavy metals, the change of chemical compositions and the weight loss of fly ash in the range of 800-1350 ℃ were studied. Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) of the United States was used to analyze the leaching characteristics of heavy metals in fly ash and molten slag. Results indicate that chemical compositions, the weight loss of fly ash and the binding efficiency of heavy metals in fly ash have a tremendous change in the range of 1150-1260 ℃. The percentage of CaO, SiO2 and Al2O3 increases with the increasing temperature, whereas it is contrary for SO3, K2O, Na2O and Cl; especially when the temperature is 1260 ℃, the percentage of these four elements decreases sharply from 43.72% to 0.71%. The weight loss occurs obviously in the range of 1150-1260 ℃. Heavy metals of Pb and Cd are almost vaporized above 1000 ℃. Cr is not volatile and its binding efficiency can reach 100% below 1000 ℃. Results of TCLP indicate that the heavy metal content of molten slag is beyond stipulated limit values.