We examined the effect of linseed supplementation in finishing diet on intramuscular fat level and fatty acid composition of three bovine muscles （longissimus dorsi-LD, semitendinosus-ST, psoas major-PM）, total of s...We examined the effect of linseed supplementation in finishing diet on intramuscular fat level and fatty acid composition of three bovine muscles （longissimus dorsi-LD, semitendinosus-ST, psoas major-PM）, total of sixty-two young bulls, from six different genotypes Angus （A）, Charolais （CH）, Holstein-Friesian （H）, Hungarian Grey （HG）, Hungarian Simmental （HS）, Charolais x Hungarian Grey F1 （CHxHG）. The results showed that A bulls had the highest intramuscular fat （IM） level （3.76）, particularly in PM （4.74）, followed by HG （3.40）, crossbred HG （3.05）, CH （2.33）, HS （2.21）, with the lowest level for H （2.11） bulls. IMF for LD （2.87） and ST （1.77） muscles were significantly lower than PM （3.60） for all groups. SFA was significantly higher for PM than the other two, due to the high level oflM. The highest MUFA was detected in LD, significantly different from others. ST contained the highest PUFA （12.99）, followed by LD （10.30） and PM （10.19）. The n-6 fatty acids were affected either by breed, or by muscle type. The linoleic acid was the highest in muscle samples of Holstein bulls except for PM, while the lowest was in A bulls in all cases. The same tendency can be seen in all cases for long chain n-6 fatty acids. The overall mean of n-3 fatty acids varied among genotypes from 1.36 to 1.80%. The highest level was measured in ST of CH and H （2.19）, whereas the lowest one in LD of HG （1.22）. Significant differences among genotypes were shown only for PM. The level of n-3 series long chain fatty acids was the highest for ST, for LD and PM in H, CH and HS, respectively. The ratio of n-6/n-3 ranged from 4.48 to 6.22 and was significantly less favorable in H than in A bulls. The highest CLA level was detected in all cases in HG bulls.展开更多
Chaos theory is used to prove that erratic and chaotic fluctuations can indeed arise in completely deterministic models. Chaos theory reveals structure in aperiodic, dynamic systems. The number of nonlinear business c...Chaos theory is used to prove that erratic and chaotic fluctuations can indeed arise in completely deterministic models. Chaos theory reveals structure in aperiodic, dynamic systems. The number of nonlinear business cycle models use chaos theory to explain complex motion of the economy. Almost three years after the crisis, the G7 countries continue to be challenged with economic volatility. The global economy has slowed. Growth in the United States has weakened. In Europe, economic instability is generated by the financial and economic imbalances. Europe is gripped with financial strains from the sovereign debt crisis in the euro area periphery. How these G7 economies confront their fiscal challenges will profoundly affect their economic stability. The basic aim of this paper is to provide a relatively simple chaotic economic growth model that is capable of generating stable equilibria, cycles, or chaos. This paper looks in more detail at the GDP growth stability issues in each of the G7 countries in the period 1990-2012 （Retrieved from http：//www, imf.org）. A key hypothesis of this work is based on the idea that the coefficient π =[p（s_p-i-n/pb-p_mb_m）] plays a crucial role in explaining local stability of the gross domestic product growth, where, p---the coefficient of labour productivity; p.,--the coefficient of the marginal labour productivity, sp-private saving rate;i--investment rate; b-percent of the gross domestic product which belongs to budget deficit; bm-marginal budget deficit coefficient; n-net capital outflow rate.展开更多
文摘We examined the effect of linseed supplementation in finishing diet on intramuscular fat level and fatty acid composition of three bovine muscles （longissimus dorsi-LD, semitendinosus-ST, psoas major-PM）, total of sixty-two young bulls, from six different genotypes Angus （A）, Charolais （CH）, Holstein-Friesian （H）, Hungarian Grey （HG）, Hungarian Simmental （HS）, Charolais x Hungarian Grey F1 （CHxHG）. The results showed that A bulls had the highest intramuscular fat （IM） level （3.76）, particularly in PM （4.74）, followed by HG （3.40）, crossbred HG （3.05）, CH （2.33）, HS （2.21）, with the lowest level for H （2.11） bulls. IMF for LD （2.87） and ST （1.77） muscles were significantly lower than PM （3.60） for all groups. SFA was significantly higher for PM than the other two, due to the high level oflM. The highest MUFA was detected in LD, significantly different from others. ST contained the highest PUFA （12.99）, followed by LD （10.30） and PM （10.19）. The n-6 fatty acids were affected either by breed, or by muscle type. The linoleic acid was the highest in muscle samples of Holstein bulls except for PM, while the lowest was in A bulls in all cases. The same tendency can be seen in all cases for long chain n-6 fatty acids. The overall mean of n-3 fatty acids varied among genotypes from 1.36 to 1.80%. The highest level was measured in ST of CH and H （2.19）, whereas the lowest one in LD of HG （1.22）. Significant differences among genotypes were shown only for PM. The level of n-3 series long chain fatty acids was the highest for ST, for LD and PM in H, CH and HS, respectively. The ratio of n-6/n-3 ranged from 4.48 to 6.22 and was significantly less favorable in H than in A bulls. The highest CLA level was detected in all cases in HG bulls.
文摘Chaos theory is used to prove that erratic and chaotic fluctuations can indeed arise in completely deterministic models. Chaos theory reveals structure in aperiodic, dynamic systems. The number of nonlinear business cycle models use chaos theory to explain complex motion of the economy. Almost three years after the crisis, the G7 countries continue to be challenged with economic volatility. The global economy has slowed. Growth in the United States has weakened. In Europe, economic instability is generated by the financial and economic imbalances. Europe is gripped with financial strains from the sovereign debt crisis in the euro area periphery. How these G7 economies confront their fiscal challenges will profoundly affect their economic stability. The basic aim of this paper is to provide a relatively simple chaotic economic growth model that is capable of generating stable equilibria, cycles, or chaos. This paper looks in more detail at the GDP growth stability issues in each of the G7 countries in the period 1990-2012 （Retrieved from http：//www, imf.org）. A key hypothesis of this work is based on the idea that the coefficient π =[p（s_p-i-n/pb-p_mb_m）] plays a crucial role in explaining local stability of the gross domestic product growth, where, p---the coefficient of labour productivity; p.,--the coefficient of the marginal labour productivity, sp-private saving rate;i--investment rate; b-percent of the gross domestic product which belongs to budget deficit; bm-marginal budget deficit coefficient; n-net capital outflow rate.
