Abstract： Migration process has become increasingly important in recent research on population and the environment. A majority of the existing migration and environment literature has focused on the environmental cau...Abstract： Migration process has become increasingly important in recent research on population and the environment. A majority of the existing migration and environment literature has focused on the environmental causes and determinants of migration. With the largest rural-to-urban migration flow in world history, and growing concerns about the environmental problems accompanying its fast economic development, China provides a particularly important case for migration and environment research. This paper reviews major migration theories and recent research on environmental effects on migration, with specific attention to the influences of en- vironmental factors on rural-to-urban labor migration in China. A comprehensive multilevel conceptual framework is developed for studying the environmental causes of rural-to-urban migration in China. The effects of land resources on household labor migration decisions in rural China are explored to illustrate the application of this framework.展开更多
Emergence of Chinese economy together with the current Livestock Revolution in Asia have led to an increase of meat demands, specially pork that is reflected in the growth of commercial pig farms in peri-urban areas o...Emergence of Chinese economy together with the current Livestock Revolution in Asia have led to an increase of meat demands, specially pork that is reflected in the growth of commercial pig farms in peri-urban areas of Beijing, capital of People＇s Republic of China. In the framework of the International Research Training Group and of the Sino-Project Recycling of Organic Residues from Agricultural and Municipal Origin in China, the status quo of a large pig farm is researched. The first phase of the project was focused on a detailed description of the nutrients and trace elements contained in the main inputs （water, feed） and outputs （manure, wastewater） of the pig farm. The compliance with the Chinese national standards or often referred to as GB standards （in Chinese ＂GuoBiao＂） and, current German recommendations were included. The analysis of nutrients and trace minerals followed the natural structure of the pig life cycle, i.e., gestation, farrowing, weaning and fattening. The main results showed that the pig drinking water met the recommendations for livestock drinking water, ground water and human drinking water. Concentrations of Zn, Cu, Mn and As in the pig feeds samples displayed higher values compared to the Chinese and German recommendations. Average values of trace elements in the pig manure did not surpass the Chinese and German recommendations of biowastes, however, some manure samples showed excessive concentrations of Cd, Cu and Zn. Likewise, Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu and Zn concentrations in the wastewater surpassed the recommendations for irrigation water.展开更多
City development is a result of many factors, of which land value is one of the major determinants. The past urban economics studies have shown that land value is largely determined by location factors such as distanc...City development is a result of many factors, of which land value is one of the major determinants. The past urban economics studies have shown that land value is largely determined by location factors such as distance from Central Business District （CBD） ignoring the non-location factors like time of purchase and neighbourhood infrastructures. Therefore, this paper attempts to establish the relative importance of location and non-location factors in the determination of residential land value by positing Onitsha, Nigeria as a case study. Eight hundred and fifty residential housing units were selected and questionnaire administered to the landlords through multi-stage sampling technique. The stepwise regression analysis results showed that non-location factors, especially, time of land purchase, contribute more to the variation in residential land values. The paper suggests the revision of the classical economic theories to represent the conditions of urban areas in developing countries .展开更多
There is no universally-accepted definition of tourism carrying capacity(TCC) .Numerical TCC focuses on use level and is considered as"a magic number"of the saturation point for tourism.There are several rea...There is no universally-accepted definition of tourism carrying capacity(TCC) .Numerical TCC focuses on use level and is considered as"a magic number"of the saturation point for tourism.There are several reasons why numerical tourism capacity is inadequate.Alternatively,tourism capacity can be defined in terms of limits of acceptable change,which shifts the focus from"how much use is too much"to"how much change is acceptable".This article proposes an improved conceptual framework for evaluating carrying capacity for the tourism city based on approaches used in US national parks,which consider the impact of human use on a city's economic,environmental/resource,and socio-cultural conditions.Based on the basic data of indicator values and relevant standards,the framework monitors the current indicators and predicts future indicator values;it can also be used to assess and predict TCC.展开更多
Over the last few decades, a diverse and expanded practice has emerged from the increasingly collaborative work developed among architects, urbanists, artists, and media designers. This collaboration has more and more...Over the last few decades, a diverse and expanded practice has emerged from the increasingly collaborative work developed among architects, urbanists, artists, and media designers. This collaboration has more and more developed a particular landscape of projects which share the same operative principles and modes of operation. The city at large has been the context where these projects have been implemented and developed with the will of bringing these types of experimentation to the people and to the public and social scale. Cities are continuously produced through entropic processes that mediate between complexity and immediacy. Information technology operates as a linkage able to set up new rules for communication between man and matter. In this framework, by looking at spatial interventions in the urban space, the aim of the paper is to dissect the modes in which spatial practitioners operate in the digital city through ＂Urban Machines＂ and how information technology becomes a tool for place-making. The paper looks at integrated systems or machines that have spatial, social, and environmental implication in how we experience the city. Machines imply ＂something that has been constructed＂ and ＂function with a specific purpose＂ while being composed by parts that respond to a ＂functioning whole＂. These interventions start from sharing the same principle： How do we generate through technologically mediated experiences opportunities for new types of production of（social）space？; How such systems shape our urban experience and deploy forms of participation in civic life？.展开更多
Accurately measuring labor＇s share of income is of great importance for China ＇S national policies, particularly its labor compensation policies during the 12th Five Year Plan period. This paper first analyses the m...Accurately measuring labor＇s share of income is of great importance for China ＇S national policies, particularly its labor compensation policies during the 12th Five Year Plan period. This paper first analyses the measurement problems of labor＇s share of income from the perspectives of definition and data and their influences on the accuracy of the measurement results. Then it sums up and appraises several adjustment methods for existing measurement problems. Finally, the author estimates the operating surplus of private, unincorporated enterprises （OSPUE） in China using data from Urban household survey （UHS）, Rural household survey （RHS） and population survey, and further makes a correction to labor＇s share of income in China from 1993 to 2008 with data from flow of funds accounts. Finally, the author conducted trend analysis and international comparisons using the results obtained from the first part of the paper.展开更多
China is the only one country in the world with more than one hundred million people who aged over 60. With the dramatically increasing of population aging speed, the traditional endowment pattern with the element of ...China is the only one country in the world with more than one hundred million people who aged over 60. With the dramatically increasing of population aging speed, the traditional endowment pattern with the element of family model has a weakening trend and does not satisfy the demand of urban elderly diversified and multi-level pension. Thus, pensions that occupy at home are becoming the best choice of the urban pension mode in China. The paper will describe the meaning, situation and prospects of the home endowment and demonstrate the significance of developing the home endowment project in China. Additionally, the paper will discuss the future endowment model from the aspects of the government organization, scientific planning and functional shifts.展开更多
The social insurance problem of migrant workers is one of the main social problems that need to be solved in the city modernization and industrialization construction in China. The outstanding reflections are that att...The social insurance problem of migrant workers is one of the main social problems that need to be solved in the city modernization and industrialization construction in China. The outstanding reflections are that attaching less importance to social insurance system, too high insurance fee and not perfect security system and other phenomena. This paper focuses on the empirical study and analysis of this type of problems, in order to put forward the feasible solution of social insurance for migrant workers. The migrant workers generally refer to the labor workers of household registration as farmers working in towns for non-agricultural occupation. At present, China＇ s migrant workers has exceeded 2.6 billion, and this group has been long in the city and rural edge, difficult to get the social insurance policy. According to the National Bureau statistics data, the migrant workers of not buying industrial injury insurance, endowment insurance, medical insurance and unemployment insurance are respectively 67.64%, 73.37%, 73.77% and 84.65%. In order to guarantee the interests of vulnerable groups in the marginalized position, the social insurance problems of migrant workers have become the our focus.展开更多
Since the reform and opening up, labor force from countryside turn to cities with the developing of market economy, migrant workers have become a new class in our social stratum which has made a great contribution for...Since the reform and opening up, labor force from countryside turn to cities with the developing of market economy, migrant workers have become a new class in our social stratum which has made a great contribution for the Chinese construction and the national economy. The related interests about endowment insurance to migrant workers have a great significance on their old life. The latest information released by the National Bureau of Statistics show that the proportion of migrant workers to participate in endowment insurance is only 15.7%. The actively of migrant workers attend pension insurance is not very high. The article through learning the literature, a method combining empirical research and the interview, find that the traditional values are still an important aspect to bound migrant workers to attend endowment insurance. Especially their traditional concepts of ＂raise children to provide against old age＂ are still very strong.展开更多
In developing countries, various plans are used to contain urban sprawl of large cities, though they are rarely successful. Previous studies mainly attribute the failure to unsystematic urban planning, problems of gov...In developing countries, various plans are used to contain urban sprawl of large cities, though they are rarely successful. Previous studies mainly attribute the failure to unsystematic urban planning, problems of governance or implementation, and rapid economic development. We suggest that an underestimation of urban population numbers is also a key factor, and that population forecasting methods currently in use need to be revised Using panel data covering 110 major countries across 60 years （1950-2010）, this study examined the relationship between large cities, and countries＇ population numbers, urbanization rate, land area, and four dummy variables. Based on this, a simple and generalizable model is developed to project the population of large cities.展开更多
This study draws on a survey of migrants in 12 cities across four major urbanizing areas in China and investigates the structure of migrant worker families＇urban and rural consumption. The results show that the struc...This study draws on a survey of migrants in 12 cities across four major urbanizing areas in China and investigates the structure of migrant worker families＇urban and rural consumption. The results show that the structure of migrant worker families＇ consumption has been dominated by survival consumption. These families tend to live frugally in cities while engaging in conspicuous consumption in their rural hometowns. The structure of migrant worker families＇consumption is mainly shaped by their income stability and wealth levels rather than their current income level. Moreover, migrant worker families with high educational levels and those who intend to settle permanently in cities are likely to allocate substantial expenditure to status and hedonic consumption and to upgrade their urban consumption structure.展开更多
基金funded by dissertation research grants from the Geography and Spatial Sciences Program of the National Science Foundation,the Worldwide Universities Network,and the Rural Sociological Society
文摘Abstract： Migration process has become increasingly important in recent research on population and the environment. A majority of the existing migration and environment literature has focused on the environmental causes and determinants of migration. With the largest rural-to-urban migration flow in world history, and growing concerns about the environmental problems accompanying its fast economic development, China provides a particularly important case for migration and environment research. This paper reviews major migration theories and recent research on environmental effects on migration, with specific attention to the influences of en- vironmental factors on rural-to-urban labor migration in China. A comprehensive multilevel conceptual framework is developed for studying the environmental causes of rural-to-urban migration in China. The effects of land resources on household labor migration decisions in rural China are explored to illustrate the application of this framework.
文摘Emergence of Chinese economy together with the current Livestock Revolution in Asia have led to an increase of meat demands, specially pork that is reflected in the growth of commercial pig farms in peri-urban areas of Beijing, capital of People＇s Republic of China. In the framework of the International Research Training Group and of the Sino-Project Recycling of Organic Residues from Agricultural and Municipal Origin in China, the status quo of a large pig farm is researched. The first phase of the project was focused on a detailed description of the nutrients and trace elements contained in the main inputs （water, feed） and outputs （manure, wastewater） of the pig farm. The compliance with the Chinese national standards or often referred to as GB standards （in Chinese ＂GuoBiao＂） and, current German recommendations were included. The analysis of nutrients and trace minerals followed the natural structure of the pig life cycle, i.e., gestation, farrowing, weaning and fattening. The main results showed that the pig drinking water met the recommendations for livestock drinking water, ground water and human drinking water. Concentrations of Zn, Cu, Mn and As in the pig feeds samples displayed higher values compared to the Chinese and German recommendations. Average values of trace elements in the pig manure did not surpass the Chinese and German recommendations of biowastes, however, some manure samples showed excessive concentrations of Cd, Cu and Zn. Likewise, Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu and Zn concentrations in the wastewater surpassed the recommendations for irrigation water.
文摘City development is a result of many factors, of which land value is one of the major determinants. The past urban economics studies have shown that land value is largely determined by location factors such as distance from Central Business District （CBD） ignoring the non-location factors like time of purchase and neighbourhood infrastructures. Therefore, this paper attempts to establish the relative importance of location and non-location factors in the determination of residential land value by positing Onitsha, Nigeria as a case study. Eight hundred and fifty residential housing units were selected and questionnaire administered to the landlords through multi-stage sampling technique. The stepwise regression analysis results showed that non-location factors, especially, time of land purchase, contribute more to the variation in residential land values. The paper suggests the revision of the classical economic theories to represent the conditions of urban areas in developing countries .
文摘There is no universally-accepted definition of tourism carrying capacity(TCC) .Numerical TCC focuses on use level and is considered as"a magic number"of the saturation point for tourism.There are several reasons why numerical tourism capacity is inadequate.Alternatively,tourism capacity can be defined in terms of limits of acceptable change,which shifts the focus from"how much use is too much"to"how much change is acceptable".This article proposes an improved conceptual framework for evaluating carrying capacity for the tourism city based on approaches used in US national parks,which consider the impact of human use on a city's economic,environmental/resource,and socio-cultural conditions.Based on the basic data of indicator values and relevant standards,the framework monitors the current indicators and predicts future indicator values;it can also be used to assess and predict TCC.
文摘Over the last few decades, a diverse and expanded practice has emerged from the increasingly collaborative work developed among architects, urbanists, artists, and media designers. This collaboration has more and more developed a particular landscape of projects which share the same operative principles and modes of operation. The city at large has been the context where these projects have been implemented and developed with the will of bringing these types of experimentation to the people and to the public and social scale. Cities are continuously produced through entropic processes that mediate between complexity and immediacy. Information technology operates as a linkage able to set up new rules for communication between man and matter. In this framework, by looking at spatial interventions in the urban space, the aim of the paper is to dissect the modes in which spatial practitioners operate in the digital city through ＂Urban Machines＂ and how information technology becomes a tool for place-making. The paper looks at integrated systems or machines that have spatial, social, and environmental implication in how we experience the city. Machines imply ＂something that has been constructed＂ and ＂function with a specific purpose＂ while being composed by parts that respond to a ＂functioning whole＂. These interventions start from sharing the same principle： How do we generate through technologically mediated experiences opportunities for new types of production of（social）space？; How such systems shape our urban experience and deploy forms of participation in civic life？.
文摘Accurately measuring labor＇s share of income is of great importance for China ＇S national policies, particularly its labor compensation policies during the 12th Five Year Plan period. This paper first analyses the measurement problems of labor＇s share of income from the perspectives of definition and data and their influences on the accuracy of the measurement results. Then it sums up and appraises several adjustment methods for existing measurement problems. Finally, the author estimates the operating surplus of private, unincorporated enterprises （OSPUE） in China using data from Urban household survey （UHS）, Rural household survey （RHS） and population survey, and further makes a correction to labor＇s share of income in China from 1993 to 2008 with data from flow of funds accounts. Finally, the author conducted trend analysis and international comparisons using the results obtained from the first part of the paper.
文摘China is the only one country in the world with more than one hundred million people who aged over 60. With the dramatically increasing of population aging speed, the traditional endowment pattern with the element of family model has a weakening trend and does not satisfy the demand of urban elderly diversified and multi-level pension. Thus, pensions that occupy at home are becoming the best choice of the urban pension mode in China. The paper will describe the meaning, situation and prospects of the home endowment and demonstrate the significance of developing the home endowment project in China. Additionally, the paper will discuss the future endowment model from the aspects of the government organization, scientific planning and functional shifts.
文摘The social insurance problem of migrant workers is one of the main social problems that need to be solved in the city modernization and industrialization construction in China. The outstanding reflections are that attaching less importance to social insurance system, too high insurance fee and not perfect security system and other phenomena. This paper focuses on the empirical study and analysis of this type of problems, in order to put forward the feasible solution of social insurance for migrant workers. The migrant workers generally refer to the labor workers of household registration as farmers working in towns for non-agricultural occupation. At present, China＇ s migrant workers has exceeded 2.6 billion, and this group has been long in the city and rural edge, difficult to get the social insurance policy. According to the National Bureau statistics data, the migrant workers of not buying industrial injury insurance, endowment insurance, medical insurance and unemployment insurance are respectively 67.64%, 73.37%, 73.77% and 84.65%. In order to guarantee the interests of vulnerable groups in the marginalized position, the social insurance problems of migrant workers have become the our focus.
文摘Since the reform and opening up, labor force from countryside turn to cities with the developing of market economy, migrant workers have become a new class in our social stratum which has made a great contribution for the Chinese construction and the national economy. The related interests about endowment insurance to migrant workers have a great significance on their old life. The latest information released by the National Bureau of Statistics show that the proportion of migrant workers to participate in endowment insurance is only 15.7%. The actively of migrant workers attend pension insurance is not very high. The article through learning the literature, a method combining empirical research and the interview, find that the traditional values are still an important aspect to bound migrant workers to attend endowment insurance. Especially their traditional concepts of ＂raise children to provide against old age＂ are still very strong.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(41271119)
文摘In developing countries, various plans are used to contain urban sprawl of large cities, though they are rarely successful. Previous studies mainly attribute the failure to unsystematic urban planning, problems of governance or implementation, and rapid economic development. We suggest that an underestimation of urban population numbers is also a key factor, and that population forecasting methods currently in use need to be revised Using panel data covering 110 major countries across 60 years （1950-2010）, this study examined the relationship between large cities, and countries＇ population numbers, urbanization rate, land area, and four dummy variables. Based on this, a simple and generalizable model is developed to project the population of large cities.
基金The authors acknowledge the financial assistance of the National Science Foundation of China （Grant No. 41371166）.
文摘This study draws on a survey of migrants in 12 cities across four major urbanizing areas in China and investigates the structure of migrant worker families＇urban and rural consumption. The results show that the structure of migrant worker families＇ consumption has been dominated by survival consumption. These families tend to live frugally in cities while engaging in conspicuous consumption in their rural hometowns. The structure of migrant worker families＇consumption is mainly shaped by their income stability and wealth levels rather than their current income level. Moreover, migrant worker families with high educational levels and those who intend to settle permanently in cities are likely to allocate substantial expenditure to status and hedonic consumption and to upgrade their urban consumption structure.
