城市群功能分工、技术进步差异与全要素生产率分化——基于中国城市群面板数据的实证分析

从城市群功能分工角度解释了中国城市体系中的城市分化现象,使用中国2003—2015年城市群面板数据,采用双向固定效应模型证实,城市群功能分工演进会导致中心城市和外围城市全要素生产率的分化。使用工具变量回归方法验证了这一结论的稳健性。城市群功能分工演进导致中心城市和外围城市全要素生产率分化的主要途径是技术进步,技术效率的作用并不明显。结论的政策含义是,城市分化是人口和经济活动空间集聚结构及其转变过程中出现的客观现象,应避免采取普遍的空间导向性政策进行干预。对于效率分化比较严重的城市群,政府有必要采取相关措施降低城市两极化发展带来的负面效应,但是在促进城市协调发展过程中,需要避免户籍政策与公共资源投资布局政策效应的背离。

收入差别特征:由城乡两极分化向城市两极分化转变的理论与对策

目前中国劳动收入差别特征主要表现为城乡收入差别严重;然而,进一步的理论和实证分析表明这一特征正在发生重要转变。近年来,中国城市开始涌现庞大的低收入群体,其根本原因是,转轨期间大量低文化特征的农民工与下岗工人会集于城市次级劳动力市场,极大抵消了劳动力需求扩张可能带来的工资增长,这与产业结构急速升级条件下高级劳动力市场需求扩张明显强于劳动力供给从而引致工资快速增长形成鲜明对比。理论认为,随着次级劳动力市场相对工资的下降,城市劳动收入差别趋于扩大不可避免。

就近半城市化与去城市两级分化

农民以家庭为单位普遍选择的就近半城市化路径中,人口迁徙具有可逆性:一是从城市回流到农村的可逆性,二是从大城市回流到中小城市的可逆性。这两种可逆性勾勒着我国城市化进程中的"去城市两极分化"机制:类贫民窟作为物理载体仍然会在城市化的过程中存在,但在可逆过程中,它并不会形成一个刚性的城市社会贫民阶层,进而这种可逆性成为城市社会两极分化结构中的弹性要素;特大城市也会产生,但在可逆的过程中,作为纯资源接受者的中小城市将获得人口集聚和经济发展的契机,从而这种可逆性也构成了城市体系两极分化结构中的弹性要素。

出生地规模、个体收入差距和城市规模分化

文章采用中国劳动力动态调查数据,基于个体选择的微观机制,考察了出生地规模对个体收入的时间效应、空间异化效应、代际传递效应和迁移效应;从出生地规模这一独特的视角,解释了收入差距持久性的成因。研究发现:出生地作为个体的初始禀赋对个体未来收入存在显著影响,出生地规模越大,个体的未来收入越高;这一效应伴随个体在出生地的成长时长增强,并依据不同城市的特征产生空间异化效应。另外,出生地规模不仅影响了个体的未来收入,也对个体的迁移行为产生了显著的影响;而个体的迁移选择又进一步引起了城市规模分化。具体而言,出生地城市规模越大的个体迁移概率越大,且出生地城市规模越大的个体越趋向迁移到比出生地规模更大的城市;而迁移个体的迁移次数越多,出生地规模的收入效应越强。基于上述出生地规模对收入的正向促进作用和迁移效应,家庭效用最大化的个体将趋于迁往规模更大的城市,这将引起城市规模分化加剧。文章证实了初始禀赋对个体收入影响的长期性和持续性,并为城市规模和个体收入的相关研究提供了新的视角。

日本东京的极化与分化——基于新自由主义城市政策的分析

自1970年代以来,新自由主义伴随着全球化的进程从欧美向全球蔓延,日本的城市政策也深受其影响。本文首先提出一个假说,即日本新自由主义的城市政策造成了东京的极化与分化现象。通过国土尺度的分析,笔者观察到自2000年新自由主义成为日本主流城市政策后,东京的单极化趋势明显加速;城市尺度的空间与政策分析结果则反映了东京内部的城市分化日益显著。本文的分析检验并支撑了本文所提假说的有效性,同时证明了东京都政府和各区政府的城市政策与区域绅士化之间存在很强的相关性。本文呼吁,城市规划相关政策应从新自由主义式转向区域协作型,并从大规模城市再开发导向转变为渐进式城市更新导向。在后新自由主义的当下,本文为中国规划理论的范式转型提供了一种路径思考。

产业结构对房地产价格影响的实证研究

本文利用2003-2012年中国239个城市的面板数据,从产业结构的角度出发实证检验不同类型产业对房地产价格的影响。研究发现:制造业对房地产价格的影响呈"U"型,制造业集聚到一定程度后才会对房地产价格产生正向影响;服务业对房地产价格具有显著的促进作用,但服务业的过度集聚可能对房地产价格产生下行压力;在细分产业中,生产性服务业、信息传输、计算机服务和软件业、金融业、房地产业等对房地产价格的促进作用更为明显。

城市社会空间分化如何可能——西方城市社会学空间理论的中国意义

城市社会空间分化已成为当下中国居民的日常体验。从齐美尔和芝加哥学派的早期探索,到政治经济学派、结构马克思主义学派和新韦伯主义学派对城市社会空间分化的研究,空间逐渐进入主流社会学的视野。立足于西方城市社会学对城市社会空间分化的理论研究,从资本逻辑和权力逻辑的运作及二者合谋的角度,对转型时期中国城市社会空间分化的现象进行分析与解释,会发现中国式城市"增长联盟"正在形成。

Topsoil phosphorus signature in five forest types along an urban-suburban-rural gradient in Nanchang, southern China

Conversions from rural to urban land uses have the potential to greatly modify soil phosphorus （P） levels. Soils in shrubs, Masson pine forest, conifer and broadleaf mixed forest, evergreen broadleaved forest and bamboo forest in the mid-subtropical region along an urban-rural gradient in Nanchang City, southern China, were analyzed for total P and P fractions using the modified Hedley P sequential fractionation method. Results show that the topsoil total P and total exactable P concentrations were significantly higher in the urban area （0.71 g·kg^-1 and 378.50 mg·kg^-1, respectively） than in the suburban （0.30 g·kg^-1 and 150.74 mg·kg^-1, respectively） and rural areas （0.31 g·kg^-1 and 147.38 mg·kg^-1, respectively） （p〈0.05）. Among the five P fractions of resin-P, NaHCO3-P NaOH-P, Sonication-P and HCI-P, the relative abundance of HCl-P in urban forest soils （36%） was the highest and also significantly higher than in suburban （8%） and rural soils （6%）, while NaOH-P was the dominant form in suburban （41%） and rural soils （50%）. Phosphorus accumulation in the urban soils could affect the cycle of P in urban forest systems, particularly the HCl-P fraction that might rapidly enrich aquatic systems in urban areas.

城市收入分化提高了全要素生产率吗?——基于中国工业企业数据的实证分析

基于生产要素空间流动的视角,在提出城市收入分化对全要素生产率影响效果的假说的基础上,关于2006—2013年253个地级及以上城市的收入分化水平对全要素生产率的影响的研究发现:城市收入分化、城市间收入分化和城市内收入分化分别会提高、降低和提高全要素生产率;城市收入分化对于国内公有制企业和民营企业的影响导致了“国进民退”的现象,而且对于小城市的影响较大;西部地区和东北地区的城市收入分化能有效提高全要素生产率,而对于东部地区,城市收入分化的负面影响已经占据主导地位。全面准确地理解城市收入分化现象,可以为区域发展战略和区域政策的适时调整提供一定的经验支持,有助于制定精准有效的区域政策和规划。

Effect of urbanization on the abundance and distribution of Tree Sparrows (Passer montanus) in Beijing

With rapid urbanization occurring throughout China,the existence of Tree Sparrows (Passer montanus) in big cities is likely to be affected by a decrease in habitat and food availability.Can the urban Tree Sparrow adapt to these changes? To elucidate this question,we studied the effect of urbanization on the abundance and distribution of Tree Sparrows in Beijing.We found the abundance of the Tree Sparrow negatively correlated with an urbanization score.Sparrow abundance was very low in residential areas with high-rise buildings,commercial centers and main roads,while their numbers were significantly higher in parks,university campuses,low building residential and suburban areas.Environmental factors within the 50 m and 200 m scales were most suitable in predicting the distribution of Tree Sparrows during winter,while factors within 50 m and 400 m scales are suitable during the breeding season.During winter,the number of conifer trees and pedestrians were the major factors at the 50 m scale,while the area of high-rise buildings and vegetation become the predominant factors on a 200 m scale.Alternatively,during the breeding season the area of low buildings and the number of conifers and pedestrians were the main factors on the 50 m scale while the area of high-rise buildings and vegetation remained the most important factors on the 400 m scale.These results indicate that highly urbanized areas are not suitable habitats for the Tree Sparrow,although this species can adapt to human environments.Food and nest sites for urban birds should be considered in urban planning of big cities in developing countries.

知识溢出、劳动力流动与城市房价分化

以追求城市的知识溢出效应为主要动力的技能型劳动力更多地流向了一二线城市,非技能型劳动力大部分流向三四线城市,劳动力流动方向的分化导致新生劳动力对于居住城市的偏好分化。有效需求方对知识溢出能力强的城市具有较强偏好,对知识溢出能力弱的城市偏好较低,偏好差距放大了城市间的房价差距,奠定了公众对于高房价地区房价上涨的预期,在土地供给政策、货币政策、投机需求及金融工具的作用下,沿海一二线城市与内地三四线城市的房价进一步分化。

基于电影产业链分工的城市跨尺度网络功能分化及关联效应演变

探究城市在跨尺度网络中的功能地位及关联效应,对于提升城市功能具有重要启示意义。选取2003—2019年占中国电影总票房75%以上的中国电影为样本,基于电影产业链出品、制作、发行环节分工,辨识城市在地方、全国、全球多尺度网络中的功能分化,探究不同功能类型城市跨尺度网络功能关联效应演变。研究发现:①城市在多尺度产业链联系网络中的功能分化明显,呈现出多样化核心型、多样化枢纽型、多样化节点型、复合化节点型和单一化边缘型5种类型。②城市跨尺度网络功能之间具有动态关联效应,且存在城市功能类型分异和产业链环节分异,尺度功能完备和产业链功能多样的城市比功能较为单一的城市更显著。③多样化核心&枢纽型城市在各环节均具有显著的关联效应,显著性和关联强度因不同环节的网络结构和外部性大小而具有差异。金融驱动下的出品环节是多样化节点型和复合化节点型城市通过网络外部性逐渐获得提高企业集中水平这一有限效益的主要渠道,而较弱的企业集中水平和城市内产业链互动未能促进其融入对外联系网络。尺度功能和产业链功能单一且发育水平较低的单一化边缘型城市尚未表现出显著的关联效应。

Gentrification and Residential Differentiation in Nanjing,China

The institutional environment in China has quite evidently changed during modern socio-economic transitions.Driven both by local government and by marketing force,urban social space was redistributed after the reform of urban land and real estate policies.Urban renewal makes for wide differential rent and therefore gentrification is occurring in China.This paper analyzes the background and institutional environment of gentrification in China,and further discusses the process,characteristics and evolutionary mechanisms in the case of Nanjing,through investigation of the attributes of 1075 residential communities built during the 1998-2008 at a macro level,and interviewing the residents and analyzing questionnaires in 6 different and typical communities at a micro level.As a socio-spatial course of two-way interaction,gentrification is divided into 3 stages of incubation,occurrence and fast development,according to the time of landmark events and policy reform on the leasehold of land in Nanjing during socio-economic transition.In terms of the socio-spatial characteristics of gentrification in Nanjing,the gentrification process under the trajectory of urban renewal makes urban social space present a new circle-layer structure;the rise of quite a number of gated communities results in the fragmentation of social space and privatization of public space;the management mode of modern communities and the change of life style have aggravated the indifference of neighborhood relationship of gentrified communities.Based on the empirical evidence of this study,this paper indicates that gentrification is quite different between China and western countries with respect to spatio-temporal order,dominant forces,paths of realization and spatial expression,and it further reveals the dynamic mechanism of gentrification developing in China at the present stage.

SOCIAL POLARIZATION AND SEGREGATION IN BEIJING

The biggest change in Beijing during the last decade has been in its social structure. This transition is changing the existing situation of social "equality", and leads to polarization both in individual communities and in society as a whole. As a result, social variations and conflicting interest are growing, and some new social groups are emerging. In this paper we seek to exPlore a new urban Phenomenon in post-1984 Beijing: social polarization and segregation. At first, we will discuss some.elements explaining social polarization. The elements and the processes can be traced back to two main aspects of the economic reforms, namely the internal reforms unleashing a huge rural exodus and the open door policy. Special attention will be paid to the new lower end of the social ladder, which is made up largely by rural migrantsthat make up the so-called floating population. Finally we will explore how these social changes translate into urban segregation, with some consideration for future developments.

Gradient Analysis of Urbanization Pattern Based on Class-level Landscape Metrics for Shanghai Region

The spatial pattern of urbanization in the Shanghai metropolitan area is quantified with GIS-based land use data set and gradient analysis of landscape metrics. A number of landscape metrics were computed along a 64 Ion long and 6 km wide west-east transect and another 66 km long and 6 km wide south-north transect. The results of transect analysis with class-level metrics showed that the spatial pattern of urbanization could be reliably quantified using landscape metrics with a gradient analysis approach, and the location of the urbanization center could be identified precisely and consistently with multiple indices of the landscape metrics used in this study. Different land use types exhibited distinctive, but not necessarily unique, spatial signatures that were dependent on specific landscape metrics. These results seemed to characterize the urban core of the Shanghai metropolitan area rather accurately and precisely.. Agriculture patches were abundant and less fragmented; the urban land use types were extensive, having many small patches and highly fragmented.

RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN FRACTIONATIONS OF Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn AND Ni AND SOIL PROPERTIES IN URBAN SOILS OF CHANGCHUN, CHINA

An extensive soil investigation was conducted in different domains of Changchun to disclose the fractionations of Pb, Cu, Cd, Zn and Ni in urban soils. Meanwhile correlation analysis and multiple stepwise regressions were used to define relationships between soil properties and metal fractions and the chief factors influencing the fractionation of heavy metals in the soils. The results showed that Pb, Ni and Cu were mainly associated with the residual and organic forms; most of Cd was concentrated in the residual and exchangeable fractions. Zn in residual and carbonate fraction was the highest. The activities of the heavy metals probably declined in the following order: Cd, Zn, Pb, Cu and Ni. The chemical fractions of heavy metals in different domains in Changchun City were of significantly spatial heterogeneity. Soil properties had different influences on the chemical fractions of heavy metals to some extent and the main factors influencing Cd, Zn, Pb, Cu and Ni fractionation and transformation were apparently different.

Grey-relation Analysis of Traffic System and Urbanization in Jilin Province of China

It has been long believed there should be some relations between traffic system and urbanization,but the in-teraction between them,especially on the regional level,has been not in consideration due to the difficulty in quantitative analysis.Based on the development of Jilin Province during 1981-2003,the paper analyzed the relation with the grey-relation model which was adjusted to fit specific problem,and came to some conclusions.Firstly,there exists ob-vious and strong correlation between traffic system and urbanization.Secondly,urbanization responds to the develop-ment of traffic system mainly on the level of urbanization,such as population and developed area,however,less on urbanization quality.Thirdly,traffic system influences urbanization as a whole except for several peculiar factors,which means we should optimize the whole traffic system to promote urbanization.Based on those conclusions,the paper illustrated the mechanism of traffic system,promoting urbanization scale and urbanization quality.

Carbon dioxide emissions from cities in China based on high resolution emission gridded data

Based on the China high resolution emission gridded data （I km spatial resolution）, this article is aimed to create a Chinese city carbon dioxide （CO2） emission data set using consolidated data sources as well as normalized and standardized data processing methods. Standard methods were used to calculate city CO2 emissions, including scope I and scope 2. Cities with higher CO2 emissions are mostly in north, northeast, and eastern coastal areas. Cities with lower CO2 emissions are in the western region. Cites with higher CO2 emissions are clustered in the Jing-Jin-Ji Region （such as Beijing, Tianjin, and Tangshan）, and the Yangtze River Delta region （such as Shanghai and Suzhou）. The city per capita CO2 emission is larger in the north than the south. There are obvious aggregations of cities with high per capita CO2 emission in the north. Four cities among the top 10 per capita emissions （Erdos, Wuhai, Shizuishan, and Yinchuan） cluster in the main coal production areas of northern China. This indicates the significant impact of coal resources endowment on city industry and CO2 emissions. The majority （77%） of cities have annual CO2 emissions below 50 million tons. The mean annual emission, among all cities, is 37 million tons. Emissions from service-based cities, which include the smallest number of cities, are the highest. Industrial cities are the largest category and the emission distribution from these cities is close to the normal distribution. Emissions and degree of dispersion, in the other cities （excluding industrial cities and service-based cities）, are in the lowest level. Per capita CO2 emissions in these cities are generally below 20 t/person （89%） with a mean value of 11 t/person. The distribution interval of per capita CO2 emission within industrial cities is the largest among the three city categories. This indicates greater differences among per capita CO2 emissions of industrial cities. The distribution interval of per capita CO2 emission of other cities is the lowest, indicating smaller differences of per capita CO2 emissions among this city category. Three policy suggestions are proposed： first, city CO2 emission inventory data in China should be increased, especially for prefecture level cities. Second, city responsibility for emission reduction, and partition- ing the national goal should be established, using a bottom-up approach based on specific CO2 emission levels and potential for emission reductions in each city. Third, comparative and bench- marking research on city CO2 emissions should be conducted, and a Top Runner system of city CO2 emission reduction should be established.

Simulation Analysis on Spatial Pattern of Urban Population in Shenyang City,China in Late 20th Century

The spatial distribution of urban population can reflect significantly urban functions and development status. Shenyang, as a typical old industrial city in China, has experienced considerable changes in spatial distribution of population in the process of urban transformation, resulting in the change of urban spatial structure. Based on the sub-district data of Chinese national population censuses in 1982, 1990 and 2000, this study simulates the evolution pattern of spatial distribution of urban population in Shenyang City. Using statistical method and exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA), we found that the population distribution, on the whole, has presented a balanced and decentralized trend since the 1980s, which characterizes with Chinese suburbanization. Furthermore, based on the investigation of the pattern of population distribution, it is concluded that the negative exponential model fitted the distribution best, and population concentration in the inner suburb kept increasing gradually, meanwhile, the spatial structure of population distribution has presented a polycentric feature since the 1980s. The parameters of the model show that population in the urban core concentrate significantly all the time. The increase of population in the inner suburb influences the population distribution pattern more and more importantly, but the concentration intensity of population cores in inner suburb is still low.

Decomposition Analysis on Direct Material Input and Dematerialization of Mining Cities in Northeast China

Material dematerialization is a basic approach to reduce the pressure on the resources and environment and to realize the sustainable development. The material flow analysis and decomposition method are used to calculate the direct material input (DMI) of 14 typical mining cities in Northeast China in 1995–2004 and to analyze the demateri- alization and its driving factors in the different types of mining cities oriented by coal, petroleum, metallurgy and multi-resources. The results are as follows: 1) from 1995 to 2006, the increase rates of the DMI and the material input intensity of mining cities declined following the order of multi-resources, metallurgy, coal, and petroleum cities, and the material utilizing efficiency did following the order of petroleum, coal, metallurgy, and multi-resources cities; 2) during the research period, all the kinds of mining cities were in the situation of weak sustainable development in most years; 3) the pressure on resources and environment in the multi-resources cities was the most serious; 4) the petro- leum cities showed the strong trend of sustainable development; and 5) in recent years, the driving function of eco- nomic development for material consuming has continuously strengthened and the controlling function of material utilizing efficiency for it has weakened. The key approaches to promote the development of circular economy of min- ing cities in Northeast China are put forward in the following aspects: 1) to strengthen the research and development of the technique of resources’ cycling utilization, 2) to improve the utilizing efficiency of resources, and 3) to carry out the auditing system of resources utilization.