知识密集型服务业引领城市分层吗?——异质性、匹配视野的分析与实证

文章探究什么因素导致了城市分层,使一些城市比另一些城市的生产率高,因而该城市的劳动者报酬更高,更为人们所青睐。城市间的知识存量、劳动者技能差异以及异质性劳动力的匹配等因素是近年学界审视的重点。文章选择能够代表这些差异的知识密集型服务业(Knowledge Intensive Business Services),从知识密集型服务业与生产率异质性制造业企业空间匹配视野切入进行机理梳理和理论分析。研究显示,KIBS和生产率异质性制造业企业之间存在空间匹配收益的差异,KIBS倾向于和高生产率制造业企业匹配,同时对后者有生产率增益效应,恰是这种差异导致不同生产率的制造企业区位选择的分化,因而城市生产率分化,引出的是城市分层。这个推断通过引入中国287座城市1998—2013年的300余万家企业的数据,在很大程度上得到了印证。

异质性:城市分层与中国城市化选择——三个视野的分析与综合

城市化是多学科聚焦的领域,经济学有三个分支直击城市化,各分支对于城市化选择主体定位不一。文章从新经济地理学理论、中国城市化所处时间维度和空间维度三个视野切入,分析了中国城市化必须直面的内外大势及相应的约束条件变化。研究揭示:城市化的持续动因是效率寻求,现代城市化是作为要素所有者的民众个人追求效率自选择的一种过程,我们所处的时间与空间维度下的某些大势,正在强化个人空间选择意识与范围。故而遵从或着眼于个人意愿,增加个人选择集,当是中国城市化进程中政府政策的一个重要乃至基本的着力点。

人口密度、人力资本与城市生产率分层——基于中国城市数据的经验研究

城市生产率层级体系的形成与演变是新经济地理学研究的一个重要论题。然而相对于大量的理论模型研究而言,相关的实证研究却十分鲜见。本文以中国289个地级及以上城市为例,利用最新数据,对人口密度、人力资本与城市生产率分层问题进行了实证研究,为有关城市体系的新经济地理学理论研究提供了来自中国的经验性检验。采用包含工具变量的序次probit模型的实证分析表明,人口密度和人力资本都是影响城市生产率分层的重要因素,但人力资本的作用远大于人口密度,而且两者对不同层级城市生产率的影响也存在差异。这一结论得到一系列稳健性检验的支持。针对不同层次人力资本的进一步研究还发现,低层次人力资本的城市分层效应大于高层次人力资本。

Sustainable development of coal cities in Heilongjiang province based on AHP method

The sustainable development of coal mining cities in Heilongjiang province has important effect on the economic stability and development of Heilongjiang, Northeast China, and China at large. To further the sustainable development evaluation system of coal mining cities in Heilongjiang province, based on the analytic hierarchy process （AHP） method combined with operational and scientific principles using Saaty＇s 1-9 scale method to construct the judgment matrix from five aspects, such as economic development and environmental quality, this paper establishes the comprehensive evaluation index sys- tem of sustainable development of coal mining cities in Heilongjiang province, including comprehensive index of industrial economic benefits and the contribution rate of science and technology. In addition, using fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method, a comprehensive evaluation is made on the indices of the four major coal mining cities of Heilongjiang. The result shows that the coal mining cities are not bet- ter than Datong of Shanxi province in many indices. The economic development and environment quality are the most important indices of the targeted layer influencing the sustainable development of coal min- ing cities of HeilonKiiang, and their index weights are 0.4358 and 0.2844, respectively. These two indices including comprehensive index of industrial economic benefit and the ratio of environmental protection investment to GDP are the key elements influencing the two aspects.

Geo-engineering Lessons Learned from the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake in Sichuan and Their Significance to Reconstruction

The 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in Sichuan of China was the result of quake-triggering along an active several hundred-kilometer-long fault. The subsequent landslides and debris flow geohazards are dominating factors in planning post-disaster recovery and rebuilding. This paper presents recommendations for coping with large-scale geohazards and disasters. It is essential to establish a national emergency management system for huge scale catastrophe and earthquake precursor identification. Town construction must be kept away from active faults, especially to improve town safety in areas with high risk of seismic and geological hazards, and it is important to improve geohazard investigation and remediation for mountain areas that have become loosened by earthquake activity. Geological factors must be better understood to reduce direct and secondary risks and effects of earthquakes. Site selections for public relocation require clear and informed analysis of geological and social risk reduction, so that relocation, infrastructure reconstruction, and commemorative relic-sites can be protected.

Numerical Approaches to Identification of Characteristic Soil Layers in an Urban Environment

Pedogenetic soil horizons are one of the fundamental building blocks of modern soil classification; however, in soils of urban areas which are often strongly disturbed by human activities, horizons are difficult to distinguish but substitutive morphological layers may be identified. To identify the characteristic soil layers in an urban environment, 224 soil layers of 36 in-situ pedons were examined and described in urban and suburban Nanjing, and 27 variables were extracted for multivariate analysis. Three groups and six subdivisions were identified by TwoStep cluster analysis combined with hierarchical cluster analysis based on factor scores. Soil forming factors and soil forming processes could be interpreted from the principal component analysis （PCA） of variables, cluster analysis of soil layers, and discriminant analysis of soil layer groups and their subdivisions. Parent materials, moisture regimes, organic matter accumulation, and especially nutrient accumulation were the main causes of characteristic soil layer formations. The numerical approaches used in this study were useful tools for characteristic soil layer identification of urban soils.

Ethics Aware Object Oriented Smart City Architecture

A novel initiative in providing advanced civic amenities is the idea of smart city driven by the lnternet of Things. Owing to a lack of consensus regarding what constitutes a smart city, diverse smart city architectures have been proposed. However, it is observed that adequate consideration is not given to the most important element of a smart city i.e. its people. In our opinion, energy efficient technologically driven city does not necessarily lead to a smart city. Ethics, tradition and law form essential ingredients of complex social palette that cannot be ignored. In this work we propose Ethics-Aware Object-Oriented Smart City Architecture （EOSCA） that has two distinguishing features. Firstly, we propose an object oriented layered architecture where an object represents an abstraction of a real world thing along with requisite security and ethics parameters. Secondly, we propose to integrate socio-cultural and ethical aspects within the smart city architecture by dedicating a separate ethics layer. Such enhancement not only addresses the challenge of privacy and security of a smart city, but also makes it people friendly by incorporating ethics. Such measures would facilitate social acceptance of smart city paradigm and augment its economic value.

Study on the Evaluation of the New Line of Urban Rail Transit Based on Analytic Hierarchy Process

The basic conditions of Urban rail transit line test operation are mainly based on Basic condition for trial operation of urban rail transit （GB/T30013-2013） the basic conditions of the relevant provisions, but the status and standard of trial operation of the basic conditions for assessment of the operating departments are still inadequate, during the three mouth of trial running operations, the specific work of trial operation and exercise are not clear about what this study focuses. This study emphasizes on the methods of operation assessment, through the Analysis Hierarchy Process （AHP） to make the commissioning work carry out smoothly and effectively, making the running exercise Rally, and the emergency and safety follow-up operation process can be quickly handled properly, and it is also helpful to the sustainable development of urban raft transit.

快速城市化进程中的居住隔离——来自上海的实证研究

伴随工业化和城市化的快速推进,中国城市人口的规模和流动性都在迅速增加。在中国城乡二元经济结构和以户籍为代表的城市社会人口管理制度背景下,城市内部不同身份群体社会隔离的程度在不断提高。但对于中国快速城市化进程中大都市基于居住的社会隔离发展趋势和特点,国内文献还研究甚少。利用最新的第六次人口普查(2010年)的微观数据,包括居委会和街道等多个微观尺度,可从户籍、学历、就业和年龄结构等多维度对上海居住隔离情况进行最新评估。在测度整体居住隔离指标上,通过探究局部居住隔离指标的数值与空间分布特征,可深化对居住隔离的层次性和空间差异性的认识。结果显示,随着2000年以来住房市场化程度加深和产业结构变迁,上海居住隔离正在加快,尤其户籍人口与非户籍人口之间的居住隔离已经比较严重,正在对城市社会管理提出新的挑战。因此,必须加快户籍制度改革,改变按户籍人口的公共服务配置机制,优化公共服务资源的空间配置。

Non-Algorithmically Integrating Land Use Type with Spatial Interpolation of Surface Soil Nutrients in an Urbanizing Watershed

Integrating land use type and other geographic information within spatial interpolation has been proposed as a solution to improve the performance and accuracy of soil nutrient mapping at the regional scale. This study developed a non-algorithm approach, i.e., applying inverse distance weighting （IDW） and ordinary kriging （OK）, to individual land use types rather than to the whole watershed, to determine if this improved the performance in mapping soil total C （TC）, total N （TN）, and total P （TP） in a 200-km2 urbanizing watershed in Southeast China. Four land use types were identified by visual interpretation as forest land, agricultural land, green land, and urban land. One hundred and fifty soil samples （0-10 cm） were taken according to land use type and patch size. Results showed that the non-algorithm approach, interpolation based on individual land use types, substantially improved the performance of IDW and OK for mapping TC, TN, and TP in the watershed. Root mean square errors were reduced by 3.9% for TC, 10.770 for TN, and 25.9% for TP by the application of IDW, while the improvements by OK were slightly lower as 0.9% for TC, 7.7% for TN, and 18.1% for TP. Interpolations based on individual land use types visually improved depiction of spatial patterns for TC, TN, and TP in the watershed relative to interpolations by the whole watershed. Substantial improvements might be expected with denser sampling points. We suggest that this non-algorithm approach might provide an alternative to algorithm-based approaches to depict watershed-scale nutrient patterns.