从艺术公共空间连接到未来城市森林化

2016年初,意大利建筑师斯坦法诺·博埃里受邀作为主策展人之一,策划了2017年上海城市空间艺术季。在这次艺术盛会当中,他在浦东的民生路3号粮仓中,展现了他的"火星计划"。该项目被看作是他的"垂直森林"概念研究探寻至今最遥远的拓展,就如同是森林之城的星际征途。观众可以通过现场提供的增强现实(AR)技术,切身体会未来森林城市之旅。

森林化城市

葱郁的树林、清新的空气,婉转的鸟鸣、沁人的花香……大自然的美境曾使多少人心驰神往。谁不希望摆脱喧嚣的市尘,生活在阳光、绿树和新鲜空气中。近年来,不少国家提出建设森林化城市的设想。有的国家正一步步地把这个设想变为现实。

建设森林化城市 优化太原生态环境

通过对太原市目前园林绿化现状的分析,提出了系统、全面地推进全市森林化建设的主旨,并在操作层面予以具体阐述。

浅谈太原市城市园林绿化

从城市园林功能谈起,分析了太原市园林绿化功能和发展现状,提出了城市园林绿化树木选择配置原则和配置方法,并对太原市未来园林绿化工作从园林绿地规划、森林生态绿化、园林法制建设等方面提出了思考和设想。

Topsoil phosphorus signature in five forest types along an urban-suburban-rural gradient in Nanchang, southern China

Conversions from rural to urban land uses have the potential to greatly modify soil phosphorus （P） levels. Soils in shrubs, Masson pine forest, conifer and broadleaf mixed forest, evergreen broadleaved forest and bamboo forest in the mid-subtropical region along an urban-rural gradient in Nanchang City, southern China, were analyzed for total P and P fractions using the modified Hedley P sequential fractionation method. Results show that the topsoil total P and total exactable P concentrations were significantly higher in the urban area （0.71 g·kg^-1 and 378.50 mg·kg^-1, respectively） than in the suburban （0.30 g·kg^-1 and 150.74 mg·kg^-1, respectively） and rural areas （0.31 g·kg^-1 and 147.38 mg·kg^-1, respectively） （p〈0.05）. Among the five P fractions of resin-P, NaHCO3-P NaOH-P, Sonication-P and HCI-P, the relative abundance of HCl-P in urban forest soils （36%） was the highest and also significantly higher than in suburban （8%） and rural soils （6%）, while NaOH-P was the dominant form in suburban （41%） and rural soils （50%）. Phosphorus accumulation in the urban soils could affect the cycle of P in urban forest systems, particularly the HCl-P fraction that might rapidly enrich aquatic systems in urban areas.

Effects of Urbanization,Soil Property and Vegetation Configuration on Soil Infiltration of Urban Forest in Changchun,Northeast China

Urban forest soil infiltration, affected by various factors, is closely related with surface runoff. This paper studied the effect of urban forest types, vegetation configuration and soil properties on soil infiltration. In our study, 191 typical plots were sampled in Changchun City, China to investigate the soil infiltration characteristics of urban forest and its influencing factors. Our results showed that the steady infiltration rates of urban forest soil were highly variable. High variations in the final infiltration rates were observed for different vegetation patterns and compaction degrees. Trees with shrubs and grasses had the highest infiltration rate and trees with bare land had the lowest infiltration rate. In addition, our results showed that the soil infiltration rate decreased with an increase in the bulk density and with a reduction in the soil organic matter content and non-capillary porosity. The soil infiltration rate also had significantly positive relationships with the total porosity and saturated soil water content. Urban soil compaction contributed to low soil infiltration rates. To increase the infiltration rate and water storage volume of urban forest soil, proper techniques to minimize and mitigate soil compaction should be used. These findings can provide useful information for urban planners about how to maximize the water volume of urban forest soil and decrease urban instantaneous flooding.

Foresters of the Cities, Citizens of the Forests： Cultural and Functional Perspectives for Forests Between Country and City

Thanks to the distinctive technological development of the Western world and to the development of the urbanization phenomenon （the 75% of the European population lives in urban centers）, an epochal change emerged as regards the perception and meaning of forests for the society during the last decades. This change has involved citizens from every aspect and level of social and public life： from politics to science, education and training. This change has of course affected all of the rural system as well. We lives in a new dimension with which forest culture must confront itself, in a moment in which one is quickly passing towards a metropolitan widespread culture, strongly characterized not by real experience with the forest environment but by a specific urban culture. This paper highlighted how necessary a complex and evolving reality like the present one is to promote adequate forms of participation and sharing in the choices concerning the territory （＂the future of all of us＂） and most of all the development of a new cultural identity and sense of territorial belonging that integrates the values of the rural system into the perception of a society that is becoming ever more urban.

Effects of Forest Type and Urbanization on Carbon Storage of Urban Forests in Changchun, Northeast China

Rapid urbanization has led to dramatic changes in urban forest structures and functions, and consequently affects carbon(C) storage in cities. In this study, field surveys were combined with high resolution images to investigate the variability of C storage of urban forests in Changchun, Northeast China. The main objectives of this study were to quantify the C storage of urban forests in Changchun City, Northeast China and understand the effects of forest type and urbanization on C storage of urban forests. The results showed that the mean C density and the total C storage of urban forests in Changchun were 4.41 kg/m2 and 4.74 × 108 kg, respectively. There were significant differences in C density among urban forest types. Landscape and relaxation forest(LF) had the highest C density with 5.41 kg/m2, while production and management forest(PF) had the lowest C density with 1.46 kg/m2. These differences demonstrate that urban forest type is an important factor needed to be considered when the C storage is accurately estimated. Further findings revealed significant differences in different gradients of urbanization, and the mean C density decreased from the first ring(6.99 kg/m2) to the fourth ring(2.87 kg/m2). The total C storage increased from the first ring to the third ring. These results indicate that C storage by urban forests will be significantly changed during the process of urbanization. The results can provide insights for decision-makers and urban planners to better understand the effects of forest type and urbanization on C storage of urban forests in Changchun, and make better management plans for urban forests.

A Preliminary Study on Effects of Four Urban Greenbelt Types on Human Comfort in Shenzhen,P.R.China

Four urban greenbelt types including roadside greenbelt, resident-area greenbelt, landscape forest, and forest park, were simultaneously investigated in Shenzhen, China, in such measures as air temperature, air humidity, wind speed, air anion ratio, and inhalabal particle concentration, which were strongly related with pleasing feeling of human body. The results show that the average air temperature in both forest park and landscape forest is much closer to the pleasing feeling of human body temperature than that of the rest two greenbelts, where it is 1.782 ℃ and 0.837℃ in forest park as well as 3.084 ℃ and 2.140 ℃ in landscape forest less than that of roadside and resident-area greenbelts, respectively. In terms of mean air humidity, forest park and landscape forest are 3.034% and 7.563% higher than that of roadside greenbelt, and 1.205% and 5.734% higher than that of resident-area greenbelt, respectively, implying a sound humidity feeling of human comfort in the former two types. The air cleanness holds a descending rank as forest park, landscape forest, resident-area greenbelt, and roadside greenbelt, whereas the rank in inhalable particle concentration is completely reverse. In general, landscape forest and forest park that mainly consist of trees have a comparatively higher feeling of human comfort whereas roadside and resident-area greenbelts fluctuate irregularly to some extent for the measures studied. The four greenbelt types investigated could be summarized in human comfort as the following descending rank, forest park, landscape forest, resident-area greenbelt, and roadside greenbelt.

Emblematic forest dwellers reintroduced into cities： resource selection by translocated juvenile kaka

Urbanization and exotic species are major threats to the conservation of forest-dependent wildlife species. Some emblematic species, indicators of habitat quality for the conservation of other spe- cies, might successfully be reintroduced within cities when habitat restoration and pest manage- ment programs are combined. We studied the landscape resource selection of juvenile kaka Nestor meridionalis tracked with Global Positioning System （GPS） units and released into the predator- free reserve of Zealandia in Wellington city, New Zealand. Kaka moved beyond the predator exclu- sion fence into urban suburbs. The home range size and areas of high use estimated using local convex hull （a-LoCoH） ranged from 20 to 240 ha and 2 to 21 ha, respectively. Using resource selec- tion functions and model selection we found that native forest patches and urban areas close to the reserve were selected by kaka to establish their home ranges. At a lower scale of selection （i.e., se- lection of habitats within home ranges）, kaka selected the same habitat, but not necessarily those close to the reserve. Native forest patches throughout the city can facilitate the dispersal of individ- uals, while the reserve provides protection and opportunities for supplementary feeding. Urban areas might have been selected due to the placement of feeders in private backyards. Survival of forest-dwelling species in cities requires careful urban planning and management to provide the necessary habitat patches, refugia, and food sources.

A Perspective of Urban Forestry Policy and Management Methodologies in China

Urban forestry provides the way to resolve the ecological and environmental problems of urbanization. Recently, how to make appropriate urban forestry policy and implement the corresponding management methodologies has become one of hot topics in the research of urban forestry. In this paper, Chinese urban forestry policies were introduced, the common themes of urban forestry planning, for example, Green Structure Planning had been identified, different urban forestry management strategies were suggested primarily in China under the guidance of European urban forestry management methodologies. Additionally, partnership and public involvement, as the main working methods of urban forestry, were analyzed in detail. The aims of this paper is to examine current practices related to urban forestry policy and management, to improve the urban forestry sustainable management ability for policy makers, managers, beneficiaries, user-groups, communities, and to improve the ecological and environmental quality in urban and suburban areas in China.

Biogenic Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds by Urban Forests

All plants emit a wide range of volatile compounds, the so-called biogenic volatile organic compounds(BVOC). BVOC emissions have received increased scientific attention in the last two decades because theymay profoundly influence the chemical and physical properties of the atmosphere, and may modulate planttolerance to heat, pollutants, oxidative stress and abiotic stresses, and affect plant-plant and plant-insectinteractions. Urban forestry may have a high impact on atmospheric composition, air quality, environment,and quality of life in urban areas. However, few studies have been carried out where the emission of BVOCcould have important consequence for the quality of air and contribute to pollution episodes. A screening ofBVOC emission by the mixed stand constituting urban forests is therefore required if emissions are to bereliably predicted. Monitoring the emission rates simultaneously with measurements of air quality, plantphysiology and micrometeorology on selected urban forests, will allow detailed quantitative information onthe inventory of BVOC emissions by urban vegetation to be compiled. This information will make itpossible to propose an innovative management of urban vegetation in cities characterised by heavy emissionsof anthropogenic pollutants, aiming at the abatement of BVOC emissions through the introduction or selectionof non-BVOC emitting species in urban areas subjected to pollution episodes and in the new afforestationareas covering peri-urban parks, green belts and green corridors between peri-urban rural areas and theconurbations.

Land, Fund and Mechanism:Three Bottlenecks of Chinese Urban Forestry in the 21st Century

Although desirable developments have been achieved since the implementation of the reform-and-opening-up policy, the urban forestry in China is still haunted by the problems of land scarcity, fundshortage and administrative mechanism dysfunction. With a concern of these problems, this paper have madea survey of the current status of the land use in urban areas for the purpose of proposing strategies for urbanforestry development in China, and have made an evaluation on the relation between fund and urban forestrywith a focus on the means of attracting investment and raising fund. In line with the system of socialorganizations, of administration, and of management, special concern about the systematic and operationalmechanism of urban forestry has been expressed. Based upon the analysis as such, this paper holds that landis the foundation of urban forestry development; fund is the motive force of the sustainable development ofurban forestry; mechanism is the guarantee for the urban forestry to develop in a healthy and effective order.

Practice and Use of Tree Species in Urban Forestry in Thailand

Urban forestry is now increasingly practiced in Thailand. This has gained impetus because ofgradual deterioration of visual amenity and environmental quality in many of the rapidly developing urbancenters. Various urban beautification programs are being implemented to rehabilitate blighted landscape,polluted atmosphere and deteriorating weather conditions, as well as to maintain a clean, healthy and pleasantenvironment so as to ensure a better quality of life. Planting of suitable trees for shade, climatic ameliorationand aesthetic values form the principal activity under these beautification programs. It is regarded as not onlyan important component of socio-economic development but also contributive to the restoration of the urbanecosystem. The responsibility of the implementation of most of these programs falls to the BangkokMetropolitan, Administration, Provincial and District Municipalities. The Royal Forest Department playsthe supporting role of supplying seedlings of the species required for planting and providing technical adviceon the growing of these trees. In this paper tree species commonly planted in urban and populated areas inThailand are identified. It is envisaged that with the vast amount of flora available in Thailand and through theintegrated efforts of all agencies involved, this program will achieve the target of beautifying the cities andtowns of Thailand.

Multi-sectoral Participatory Urban Forestry Development in Philippines Metropolitan Manila

Metropolitan Manila, the capital region of the Philippines, initiated urban forestry projects toshowcase its environmental benefits. Metro Manila was once a part of a tropical mangrove forest dominatedby small trees locally called nilad (Scyphiphora hydrophyllaceae). The fast-paced urbanization transformedthe original ecosystem into a bustling metropolis subjected to environmental decay. The establishment ofurban forestry is one of the interventions sought by the government to mitigate the environmental conditions.Thus, the concept of participatory urban forestry was formalized in 1988 by the national government.However, it was during the early years of the 1970s that the idea of exerting collective effort in greeningMetro Manila started through the Green Revolution, with the primary motive of uplifting the economiccondition of the people rather than on ecological enhancement. The project was forced on the people to plantvegetables and fruit trees with less emphasis on forest trees species. Although the project was not successful,the government realized that the citizenry could be a great partner for a collective worthwhile undertaking.

Concepts for Planning Urban Greening since 1850s

Urban greening, urban forestry and urban green structure planning all look at a city as a unit andintend to improve the status of green space in the city. Even though they are new terms, their concepts haveevolved over a rather long period. This paper presents a historical review of western concepts for urbangreening since the 1850s. The first aim is to establish an overview of how the urban greening concept hasdeveloped and what the relationships are between the historical concepts and urban greening, urban forestryand urban green structure planning today. The secondary purpose is to understand some key issues for urbangreening through the examination of historical precedents. Based on a literature review, the paper presentsseveral historical concepts for urban greening rampart area planning, park system, green belts, greenwedges and greenways. The new concept of urban green structure is also introduced. Each concept is defined.The social background and the influence on city development are described. The review shows that theconcept of urban greening has a long history, parallel with the development of the city planning concepts.The scope of urban greening has become larger over the past years. The functions of urban green space havechanged from single-purpose to multi-purpose. The study indicates that historical concepts may still giveinspiration in todays urban greening process.

Development of Urban Forests in Indonesia

Developments in urban area, which result situation of urban environment progressively becomeonly going forward economical but retreat ecologically. Though urban stability is very important ecologically,it is the same important as its stability value economical. Annoyed stability of urban ecosystem showednatures reaction in the form of: the increasing of air temperature, degradation of ground water, floods,degradation of surface of land, sea water intrusion, coastal abrasion, contamination of water in the form ofdrinking water smell, containing heavy metal, contamination of air like the increasing of rate of CO, ozone(O3), carbon-dioxide (CO2), nitrogen oxide (NOx) and brimstone (S), dirt, barren atmosphere, monotonous,dirty and noisy. Some metropolis and developing cities in Indonesia are developing urban forests to anticipatethe above-mentioned problems.

Analysis on Application of Greening Trees in Typical Cities:Case Studies in Harbin and Hefei

Trees are the main elements in urban forest construction, and their application directly reflects theconstruction level of urban forest. Two cities, Harbin and Hefei, were selected as representative middle citiesin this article. The application of tree species was analyzed by contrast in urban forest construction, and theirapplication in Hefeis different land types was stressed. Based on this, the application of tree species wasfurther discussed during the process of urban forest construction in China. Thus it provided references for thenational urban forest construction.

Role of Trees in Urban Areas and Challenges of their Establishment

The trees in urban landscapes, independent of whether they are in urban forests or stand alone,can improve environment quality, enhance individual and community well-being, provide a wide range ofservices to individuals and communities, and produce a more healthful and comfortable environment forthe vast majority of the population. Knowledge of the potential significance of trees in urban landscapesis expanding rapidly as research continues to document the important role that urban forests and trees canplay in improving the quality of urban life. The environmental conditions in urban landscapes are, however,very different from the natural conditions that the tree species are adapted to. This poses big challenges tothe urban forestry in its efforts to create healthy and valuable trees in urban landscapes. Only throughimplementing some important measures we can ensure high survival rate of saplings and well-being andlongevity of urban trees.

Management and Administration of Urban Forest

The thesis is focused on the elements operating in the management and administration of urbanforests, such as the concept of urban forest, the scale, the ecological, economical and social benefits, thelandscape harmonization, the coordinate administration, the investing and financing mechanism, the utilizationof ecosystem function, the prevention of negative effects and so on. Meanwhile, solutions to problems inthese elements are respectively presented.