Industrial Green Spatial Pattern Evolution of Yangtze River Economic Belt in China

We use the directional slacks-based measure of efficiency and inverse distance weighting method to analyze the spatial pattern evolution of the industrial green total factor productivity of 108 cities in the Yangtze River Economic Belt in 2003–2013.Results show that both the subprime mortgage crisis and ‘the new normal' had significant negative effects on productivity growth,leading to the different spatial patterns between 2003–2008 and 2009–2013.Before 2008,green poles had gathered around some capital cities and formed a tripartite pattern,which was a typical core-periphery pattern.Due to a combination of the polarization and the diffusion effects,capital cities became the growth poles and ‘core' regions,while surrounding areas became the ‘periphery'.This was mainly caused by the innate advantage of capital cities and ‘the rise of central China' strategy.After 2008,the tripartite pattern changed to a multi-poles pattern where green poles continuously and densely spread in the midstream and downstream areas.This is due to the regional difference in the leading effect of green poles.The leading effect of green poles in midstream and downstream areas has changed from polarization to diffusion,while the polarization effect still leads in the upstream area.

Transforming Strijp S： From Philips＇ Industrial Site to New Residential and Creative Area

In the contemporary city, the transformation of abandoned industrial landscapes offers great potential for experimentation and in creating new urban environments. Industrial heritage plays an essential role in this respect and it goes beyond its strong cultural and symbolic value. In fact, industrial-cultural heritage is able to re-enact people＇s capability to maintain the culture of the past while looking forward with appropriate and innovative design solutions. This paper focuses on the design of regeneration of the former Philips＇ electronic industrial area named Strijp S in Eindhoven, the Netherlands. The master plan is pioneer in experimental rules on development areas due to the Crisis and Recovery Act （2010）, a new Dutch law in response to development and economical crisis. The authors identify four criteria of analysis in order to show the complexity of this urban transformation and assess the results of this work-in-progress transformation. Moreover, it will discuss the challenges for industrial architecture/heritage when incorporating different objectives of redevelopment and to which extent the local dynamics are linked to the design of reuse. As conclusion, the paper will debate on the comprehensive urban framework, which puts forward sustainable design criteria, sets out principles in temporary and long-term reuse of the old buildings, and on their implication in terms of urban quality of indoor and outdoor spaces.

Formation of Los Angeles's low density and high car dependence

As a typical car-dependent city, Los Angeles （LA） is extensively used as an example in research to illustrate car influences on city form. Focusing on the features of LA＇s geologic conditions and civil circumstances, we argued that the relationship between LA＇s low-density pattern and car dependence is more involved than previously deemed simple causality. The low density should be primarily credited to the spacious requirement of the mining industry, frequent earthquakes and multiethnic population of the city. Off reserves in LA fueled its economic boom and fast urbanization that coincided with the start of mass production of cheap cars, and cars became medium-priced consumables for average families. Politicians preference for short constrnction-period projects enabled fast establishment of LA＇s highway infrastructure. The popularity of car use in return faciliatated further development of the low-density pattern of the city. The low-density urban form and car dependence created environmental and social problems for LA. Looking at P. R. China＇s motorization and urban development, we found that the trajectory of Beijing＇s motorization between 197g and 2003 coincides with that of the U.S. in the 1910s and 1920s. Lessons from LA＇s urban and transportation development should be suggestive to China＇s urban and transportation planning.

A study on the evolution of land use for modern urbanization in China:1952-2005

Modern cities and towns play as the central places of wealth accumulation for human-being, not only in the ways of settlement and material consumption as they were traditionally in ancient time, but also in the ways of social production and environmental pollution as they are mostly today. With such a transition, the meaning of land use for urbanization has broadened. According to the rule of human ecosystem, land use for modern urbanization can be divided into three types: namely, the direct, the indirect and the induced. However, its structure follows its own way of the direct < the indirect < the induced, rather different from what it normally happens in the natural ecosystem. This paper takes China as an example, calculates the evolution of the land used by cities and towns during 1952-2005 according to statistics, and then analyzes the evolvement of the structure. At last, it puts forward several countermeasures to ensure land resource requirement for urbanization in future.

Survey of Shopping Streets as Basic Knowledge for Revitalizing the Old Town Centre of Parma

The revitalization of the historic fabric should not be considered only a matter of safeguarding the cultural heritage of collective memory; it will mainly be to recover and value an urban life, as in the urban context, the historic centre plays a function of social identification and recognition of the community, that commercial distribution helps to keep alive. It is widely spreading the concept of Old Town as Natural Shopping Centre： with this word, we define commercial complex and not homogenous places, developed over time without programming unit. designed as a unique space, which fall within a certain urban perimeter, work together as a business, financial administration, facilities and service all coordinated by a common policy development. In order to recover the vitality of the consolidated tissue of the city of Parma, the Town Council has started to study its historic centre as Natural Shopping Centre, relying on the potential inherent in the existing commercial streets.

“经营城市”五议

对于经营城市，目前观点多，做法多，这不是坏事。多样性寓含着创造性。但是，如果过于离谱，甚至同概念提出的初衷完全相反，那就会把事情弄拧、弄变味，就不仅不造福人民，而是可能危害人民了。

Urban Risk Generalization in China： Space and Governance

As an issue in Chinese urban development, handling urban risk generalization invites reflection on the structural features and internal development of the immediate or potential risks entailed in rapid urbanization across the globe. As part of research on national governance modernization, China has reached a consensus on managing urban risks. A study of spatial theory indicates that urban risk generalization in China is essentially a structural issue arising from an immature system of generalized benefits in urban space rights and interests along with an unbalanced spatial structure, functional disarray and ecological disruption arising from inequitable and unbalanced urban spatial development, readjustment and renovation. As an innovative form of modern urban public management with its target shifting from the pursuit of material things to people-centered development, spatial management enlists actors including government, business, society and citizens to seek a ＂community of shared spatial interests＂ with a rational structure, effective functions and an optimized environment at the level of spatial production and interest distribution. We need innovation in the spatial structures, drivers and mechanisms of urban public management and cultural ecology to realize their institutionalization, synthesis and reordering, strategically forestalling and resolving urbanization risks and realizing a spatial governance vision of the scientific, fair and sustainable allocation, growth and renovation of urban space in the risk era.

Effect of atmospheric aerosol on surface ozone variation over the Pearl River Delta region

Our analysis of the surface aerosol and ultraviolet （UV） measurements in Pearl River Delta （PRD） region shows that the surface UV radiation is reduced by more than 50% due to high aerosol concentrations. This has important impacts on urban ecosystem and photochemistry, especially on ozone photochemical production over the region. The quantitative effect of aerosols on surface ozone is evaluated by analyzing surface observations （including ozone, ultraviolet radiation, aerosol radiative parameters） and by using radiative and chemical models. A case study shows that the aerosol concentrations and UV radiation are significantly correlated with ozone concentrations. The correlation coefficient between the aerosol optical depth （AOD） and the PM10 mass concentration is very high, with a maximum of 0.98, and the AOD and UV radiation/ozone is anti- correlated, with a correlation coefficient of-0.90. The analysis suggests that ozone productivity is significantly decreased due to the reduction of UV radiation. The noon-time ozone maximum is considerably depressed when AOD is 0.6, and is further decreased when AOD is up to 1.2 due to the reduction of ozone photochemical productivity. Because the occurring probability of aerosol optical depth for AOD550m≥0.6 and AOD340mm ≥1.0 is 47, and 55% respectively during the dry season （October, November, December, January）, this heavy aerosol condition explains the low ozone maximum that often occurs in the dry season over the Guangzhou region. The analysis also suggests that the value of single scattering albedo （SSA） is very sensitive to the aerosol radiative effect when the radiative and chemical models are applied, implying that the value of SSA needs to be carefully studied when the models are used in calculating ozone production.

SPECIAL ISSUE： SPACE PRODUCTION AND URBAN ORDER IN CONTEMPORARY CHINA--The Capitalization of Space and Cultural Resistance

Urbanization is proceeding at full speed in China. Economic progress has been accompanied by enormous problems in our big cities, such as traffic congestion, air pollution, the coexistence of resource abuse and scarcity, etc.--and these are merely the problems visible on the surface. The capitalization of space in the course of urbanization has meant loss of diversity in urban culture and configuration and in the natural environment. In the long run, this will make human existence more objectified, functional and utilitarian. This paper argues that the fundamental reason for these problems lies in the value concepts guiding the production of space. Only when we abandon the existing values of consumer society, which revolve around ＂capital and technology appreciation,＂ and establish new values ＂putting people first＂ will we be able to withstand the mighty torrent of capitalized space production.