Lakes have different social, economical, and ecological values at different periods of societal development, which make them vulnerable to change. One of the ongoing discussions in urban lake governance in India is th...Lakes have different social, economical, and ecological values at different periods of societal development, which make them vulnerable to change. One of the ongoing discussions in urban lake governance in India is the revitalization of the urban lakes. The core challenge documented in the governance of urban lakes is to address and find balance in the changing and competing value systems. Effectively addressing the change （or priority） in the values linked to the governance systems is a major step toward sustainability of the urban lakes. There is still limited understanding of how the values of urban lakes are progressively linked to the social, ecological and economic values of the urban developments. The paper looks at the interactions and outcomes of the spatial and temporal dynamics of the urban lakes systems especially the values that sustain the institutional and ecological memory. The focus is on the role of values in urban lake governance. The multitier framework for analyzing social-ecological systems CSES） which is in developmental phase at Elinor Ostrom＇s Workshop is used as the guiding framework to build understanding of the urban lake governance in Ahmedabad, India and at the same time contribute to the development of the SES framework.展开更多
The concept of urban forestry is not a new one for town planners and foresters in Malaysia. The difference between the concept now and in the early days is that, in the past, people associated urban forestry primarily...The concept of urban forestry is not a new one for town planners and foresters in Malaysia. The difference between the concept now and in the early days is that, in the past, people associated urban forestry primarily with the planting of trees, rather than seeing it as involving the total development of a designated area. Urban forestry activity in Malaysia started way back in 1778 with the planting of Angsana (Pterocarpus indicus) trees in Malacca, followed by large-scale planting of trees in Penang in 1802. A majority of trees planted at that time were exotic species, such as Angsana (Pterocarpus indicus), rain tree (Samanea saman), and broad-leaved mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla), which were meant to provide instant shade and greenery. A more holisticconcept of urban forestry, which not only encompasses simply planting trees but also involves making provisions for preserving the ecosystem, started only in the 1980s. Sincethen, the concept of urban forestry has begun to gain interestand appreciation, encouraging localsto get involved with tree-planting campaigns aspart and parcel of many urban forestry activities. Today, efforts of government agencies such as theForest Research InstituteMalaysia(FRIM), together with nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) such as the Malaysian Nature Society (MNS)and the Lions Club of Kuala Lumpur, have helped to inculcate interestin planting trees or greening the nation and to enhance appreciation of the concept of urban forestry as a whole. The importance of urban forestry from the perspective of both economic and social values is reflected not only in the prices of homes located in urban green areas but also in theamountof budget allocated formaintenance and further development of those areas. Everyoneliving in an urban area knows how important urban forestry activities are in day-to-day activities. Therefore, to help readers better understand and appreciate the needs ofan urban population, thispaper highlights not only the roles of urban green spaces butalso discusses the social and economicvalues thatMalaysiansplace on urban forestry.展开更多
文摘Lakes have different social, economical, and ecological values at different periods of societal development, which make them vulnerable to change. One of the ongoing discussions in urban lake governance in India is the revitalization of the urban lakes. The core challenge documented in the governance of urban lakes is to address and find balance in the changing and competing value systems. Effectively addressing the change （or priority） in the values linked to the governance systems is a major step toward sustainability of the urban lakes. There is still limited understanding of how the values of urban lakes are progressively linked to the social, ecological and economic values of the urban developments. The paper looks at the interactions and outcomes of the spatial and temporal dynamics of the urban lakes systems especially the values that sustain the institutional and ecological memory. The focus is on the role of values in urban lake governance. The multitier framework for analyzing social-ecological systems CSES） which is in developmental phase at Elinor Ostrom＇s Workshop is used as the guiding framework to build understanding of the urban lake governance in Ahmedabad, India and at the same time contribute to the development of the SES framework.
文摘The concept of urban forestry is not a new one for town planners and foresters in Malaysia. The difference between the concept now and in the early days is that, in the past, people associated urban forestry primarily with the planting of trees, rather than seeing it as involving the total development of a designated area. Urban forestry activity in Malaysia started way back in 1778 with the planting of Angsana (Pterocarpus indicus) trees in Malacca, followed by large-scale planting of trees in Penang in 1802. A majority of trees planted at that time were exotic species, such as Angsana (Pterocarpus indicus), rain tree (Samanea saman), and broad-leaved mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla), which were meant to provide instant shade and greenery. A more holisticconcept of urban forestry, which not only encompasses simply planting trees but also involves making provisions for preserving the ecosystem, started only in the 1980s. Sincethen, the concept of urban forestry has begun to gain interestand appreciation, encouraging localsto get involved with tree-planting campaigns aspart and parcel of many urban forestry activities. Today, efforts of government agencies such as theForest Research InstituteMalaysia(FRIM), together with nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) such as the Malaysian Nature Society (MNS)and the Lions Club of Kuala Lumpur, have helped to inculcate interestin planting trees or greening the nation and to enhance appreciation of the concept of urban forestry as a whole. The importance of urban forestry from the perspective of both economic and social values is reflected not only in the prices of homes located in urban green areas but also in theamountof budget allocated formaintenance and further development of those areas. Everyoneliving in an urban area knows how important urban forestry activities are in day-to-day activities. Therefore, to help readers better understand and appreciate the needs ofan urban population, thispaper highlights not only the roles of urban green spaces butalso discusses the social and economicvalues thatMalaysiansplace on urban forestry.
