A system dynamics approach to urban water demand forecasting was developed based on the analysis of urban water resources system, which was characterized by multi-feedback and nonlinear interactions among sys-tem elem...A system dynamics approach to urban water demand forecasting was developed based on the analysis of urban water resources system, which was characterized by multi-feedback and nonlinear interactions among sys-tem elements. As an example, Tianjin water resources system dynamic model was set up to forecast water resources demand of the planning years. The practical verification showed that the relative error was lower than 10%. Fur-thermore, through the comparison and analysis of the simulation results under different development modes pre-sented in this paper, the forecasting results of the water resources demand of Tianjin was achieved based on sustain-able utilization strategy of water resources.展开更多
The Jamaica Bay ecosystem is a dichotomy. It encompasses more than 12,000 acres of coastal estuarine marshes and an ecological diversity rivaling any coastal environment in the world. It is considerably altered, and i...The Jamaica Bay ecosystem is a dichotomy. It encompasses more than 12,000 acres of coastal estuarine marshes and an ecological diversity rivaling any coastal environment in the world. It is considerably altered, and is affected by a variety of ecological insults directly related to the fact that more than 14 million people live in its vicinity. Environmental protection institutions responded to the challenge of protecting the bay, surrounding wetlands and recreational benefits by addressing the increasing load of contaminants into the ecosystem. Billions of dollars have been spent during the past five decades on restoration attempts, including upgrading wastewater treatment plantsand the closure of three major sanitary landfills. Even with the curtailment of untreated wastewater release and ending periodic dredging and filling programs, all activities that are necessary processes in maintaining an urban harbor, the Jamaica Bay ecosystem has reached a point where many believe it to be unrecoverable, requiring massive infusions of restoration dollars. This categorization has been perpetuated based on questionable data （the ＂myths＂） that, when investigated in rigorous scientific detail, prove to be unsubstantiated. In this paper, the origin of these myths and the scientific investigation that dispel them are discussed.展开更多
This paper presents a new type of cellular automa ta (CA) model for the simulation of alternative land development using neural netw orks for urban planning. CA models can be regarded as a planning tool because th ey ...This paper presents a new type of cellular automa ta (CA) model for the simulation of alternative land development using neural netw orks for urban planning. CA models can be regarded as a planning tool because th ey can generate alternative urban growth. Alternative development patterns can b e formed by using different sets of parameter values in CA simulation. A critica l issue is how to define parameter values for realistic and idealized simulation . This paper demonstrates that neural networks can simplify CA models but genera te more plausible results. The simulation is based on a simple three-layer netw ork with an output neuron to generate conversion probability. No transition rule s are required for the simulation. Parameter values are automatically obtained f rom the training of network by using satellite remote sensing data. Original tra ining data can be assessed and modified according to planning objectives. Altern ative urban patterns can be easily formulated by using the modified training dat a sets rather than changing the model.展开更多
Dickensian prose is known for its picturesque and haunting style in setting depiction unveiling the oneiric and uncanny quality of the city of London. One of the most underrated Christmas Books, The Chimes （1844）, p...Dickensian prose is known for its picturesque and haunting style in setting depiction unveiling the oneiric and uncanny quality of the city of London. One of the most underrated Christmas Books, The Chimes （1844）, proves to be an excellent example of a new fairy tale portraying the pervasion of two spheres： the realm of fantasy and the truth. The narrator exposes the correlation between the disturbing vision of the animated metropolis and the protagonist＇s hallucinatory fancy caused by his inner unrest and agitation, questioning the boundary between the dream and reality and the limits of perception. Despite the technical restraints of the seasonal miniature＇s construction, Dickens succeeded in capturing the hero＇s psychology and the spirit of the city through the medium of anthropomorphising the inanimate, employing the supernatural, and implementing powerful, semantically loaded images of London corresponding well with the protagonist＇s inner dilemmas. The narrative strategy balancing on the edge of dream and reality employed in the carol does not only expose the creative skills of the novelist, but also the potential of The Chimes as an embryonic novel展开更多
This paper is born from the intimate belief that solutions for the future are to be found in the past. No transformation is irreversible enough to destroy the experiences of the past, unified as a core in tradition. T...This paper is born from the intimate belief that solutions for the future are to be found in the past. No transformation is irreversible enough to destroy the experiences of the past, unified as a core in tradition. Those come into light whenever the proper conditions are created. From the point of view of architecture, representation is the basis for the transmission of knowledge, ideas, feelings, etc. The method of the paper is to put in antithesis two concepts which define the present world of representation： real （associated to transcendent revelation） and virtual （understood as result of human imagination）. An itinerary through the philosophy of Plato and Plotin, ancient Greek, Byzantine, Gothic architecture, etc., is proposed, until encountering the moment of the death of revelation and the birth of the arbitrary, which is connected to the supremacy of the image. This journey through aesthetic conceptions brought major changes in art and society during the centuries. Recuperation of the involvement of all human senses into perception of space and understanding of the built environment of life as revelation, and not as a simple interface of images, may lead now to a revolution of urban spirit, based on a relationship with the city inspired from the values promoted by Socrates and later developed into Christianity, that proved their permanence across the millenniums.展开更多
The most of studies conducted up till now have shown a frequent occurrence of schizophrenia and other psychoses in cities compared to rural and suburban areas. The following research work was done on the basis of addr...The most of studies conducted up till now have shown a frequent occurrence of schizophrenia and other psychoses in cities compared to rural and suburban areas. The following research work was done on the basis of address data in a medium size town of people placed in psychiatric hospitals schizophrenia and other psychoses in the years 1989-2002. ICD9 criteria were initially used for hospital diagnosis, and then ICD10 criteria. To study the differences among particular districts of the town the test for two proportions was conducted. The analyzed group of persons amounted to 380 patients, including 169 men and 211 women. It indicated that patients more frequently lived in more urbanized and postindustrial districts of town as well as men aged 20-29 years old in postindustrial districts. It should be mentioned that more of patients placed the inner city, but also in postindustrial district and in districts with city housinz oroiects.展开更多
In this paper, the artificial neural network(ANN) model was used to evaluate the degree of intensive urban land use in Nanjing City, China. The construction and application of the ANN model took into account the compr...In this paper, the artificial neural network(ANN) model was used to evaluate the degree of intensive urban land use in Nanjing City, China. The construction and application of the ANN model took into account the comprehensive, spatial and complex nature of urban land use. Through a preliminary calculation of the degree of intensive land use of the sample area, representative sample area selection and using the back propagation neural network model to train, the intensive land use level of each evaluation unit is finally determined in the study area. Results show that the method can effectively correct the errors caused by the limitations of the model itself and the determination of the ideal value and weights when the multifactor comprehensive evaluation is used alone. The ANN model can make the evaluation results more objective and practical. The evaluation results show a tendency of decreasing land use intensity from the core urban area to the periphery and the industrial functional area has relatively low land use intensity compared with other functional areas. Based on the evaluation results, some suggestions are put forward, such as transforming the mode of urban spatial expansion, strengthening the integration and potential exploitation of the land in the urban built-up area, and strengthening the control of the construction intensity of protected areas.展开更多
The traffic bottleneck plays a key role in most of the natural and artificial network. Here we present a simply model for bottleneck dynamical characteristics consideration the reliability on the complex network by ta...The traffic bottleneck plays a key role in most of the natural and artificial network. Here we present a simply model for bottleneck dynamical characteristics consideration the reliability on the complex network by taking into account the network topology characteristics and system size. We find that there is a critical rate of flow generation below which the network traffic is free but above which traffic congestion occurs. Also, it is found that random networks have larger critical flow generating rate than scale free ones. Analytical results may be practically useful for designing networks, especially for the urban traffic network.展开更多
The purpose of this study is to explore the urban morphological aspects of cities governed by the juridical regime of emphyteusis, a recurrent situation in the northeastern part of the state of Silo Paulo, Brazil, wit...The purpose of this study is to explore the urban morphological aspects of cities governed by the juridical regime of emphyteusis, a recurrent situation in the northeastern part of the state of Silo Paulo, Brazil, with special attention to the city of Ribeirao Preto. The concession of lands to the Catholic Church was a recurring practice in Brazil during the colonial and imperial periods, when the cities were being established. As these lands were intended for the formation of patrimonial goods to show the devotion of the residents to a Catholic saint, the lands were not allowed to be commercialized. The tenure reveals a relation in which there is an owner--the landlord--who has direct control of the urban land. This owner allows another--the leaseholder--the useful domain of the land, thus giving the latter the right to use the land, the obligation to pay an annual tax and the responsibility to give the owner a percentage of the sales generated from the land. In 1845, farmers donated a tract of land to be used to glorify Silo Sebastiao. This land is now the city of Ribeirao Preto, and it is this conjuncture that defined the structure and the transformation of the original urban form of the current city.展开更多
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.50578108)Doctoral Programs Foundation of Ministry of Education of China (No.20050056016)+3 种基金National Key Program for Basic Research ( "973" Program, No.2007CB407306-1)Science and Technology Development Foundation of Tianjin (No.033113811 and No.05YFSYSF032)Educational Commission of Hebei Province (No.2008324)Tianjin Social Key Foundation (No.tjyy08-01-078).
文摘A system dynamics approach to urban water demand forecasting was developed based on the analysis of urban water resources system, which was characterized by multi-feedback and nonlinear interactions among sys-tem elements. As an example, Tianjin water resources system dynamic model was set up to forecast water resources demand of the planning years. The practical verification showed that the relative error was lower than 10%. Fur-thermore, through the comparison and analysis of the simulation results under different development modes pre-sented in this paper, the forecasting results of the water resources demand of Tianjin was achieved based on sustain-able utilization strategy of water resources.
文摘The Jamaica Bay ecosystem is a dichotomy. It encompasses more than 12,000 acres of coastal estuarine marshes and an ecological diversity rivaling any coastal environment in the world. It is considerably altered, and is affected by a variety of ecological insults directly related to the fact that more than 14 million people live in its vicinity. Environmental protection institutions responded to the challenge of protecting the bay, surrounding wetlands and recreational benefits by addressing the increasing load of contaminants into the ecosystem. Billions of dollars have been spent during the past five decades on restoration attempts, including upgrading wastewater treatment plantsand the closure of three major sanitary landfills. Even with the curtailment of untreated wastewater release and ending periodic dredging and filling programs, all activities that are necessary processes in maintaining an urban harbor, the Jamaica Bay ecosystem has reached a point where many believe it to be unrecoverable, requiring massive infusions of restoration dollars. This categorization has been perpetuated based on questionable data （the ＂myths＂） that, when investigated in rigorous scientific detail, prove to be unsubstantiated. In this paper, the origin of these myths and the scientific investigation that dispel them are discussed.
文摘This paper presents a new type of cellular automa ta (CA) model for the simulation of alternative land development using neural netw orks for urban planning. CA models can be regarded as a planning tool because th ey can generate alternative urban growth. Alternative development patterns can b e formed by using different sets of parameter values in CA simulation. A critica l issue is how to define parameter values for realistic and idealized simulation . This paper demonstrates that neural networks can simplify CA models but genera te more plausible results. The simulation is based on a simple three-layer netw ork with an output neuron to generate conversion probability. No transition rule s are required for the simulation. Parameter values are automatically obtained f rom the training of network by using satellite remote sensing data. Original tra ining data can be assessed and modified according to planning objectives. Altern ative urban patterns can be easily formulated by using the modified training dat a sets rather than changing the model.
文摘Dickensian prose is known for its picturesque and haunting style in setting depiction unveiling the oneiric and uncanny quality of the city of London. One of the most underrated Christmas Books, The Chimes （1844）, proves to be an excellent example of a new fairy tale portraying the pervasion of two spheres： the realm of fantasy and the truth. The narrator exposes the correlation between the disturbing vision of the animated metropolis and the protagonist＇s hallucinatory fancy caused by his inner unrest and agitation, questioning the boundary between the dream and reality and the limits of perception. Despite the technical restraints of the seasonal miniature＇s construction, Dickens succeeded in capturing the hero＇s psychology and the spirit of the city through the medium of anthropomorphising the inanimate, employing the supernatural, and implementing powerful, semantically loaded images of London corresponding well with the protagonist＇s inner dilemmas. The narrative strategy balancing on the edge of dream and reality employed in the carol does not only expose the creative skills of the novelist, but also the potential of The Chimes as an embryonic novel
文摘This paper is born from the intimate belief that solutions for the future are to be found in the past. No transformation is irreversible enough to destroy the experiences of the past, unified as a core in tradition. Those come into light whenever the proper conditions are created. From the point of view of architecture, representation is the basis for the transmission of knowledge, ideas, feelings, etc. The method of the paper is to put in antithesis two concepts which define the present world of representation： real （associated to transcendent revelation） and virtual （understood as result of human imagination）. An itinerary through the philosophy of Plato and Plotin, ancient Greek, Byzantine, Gothic architecture, etc., is proposed, until encountering the moment of the death of revelation and the birth of the arbitrary, which is connected to the supremacy of the image. This journey through aesthetic conceptions brought major changes in art and society during the centuries. Recuperation of the involvement of all human senses into perception of space and understanding of the built environment of life as revelation, and not as a simple interface of images, may lead now to a revolution of urban spirit, based on a relationship with the city inspired from the values promoted by Socrates and later developed into Christianity, that proved their permanence across the millenniums.
文摘The most of studies conducted up till now have shown a frequent occurrence of schizophrenia and other psychoses in cities compared to rural and suburban areas. The following research work was done on the basis of address data in a medium size town of people placed in psychiatric hospitals schizophrenia and other psychoses in the years 1989-2002. ICD9 criteria were initially used for hospital diagnosis, and then ICD10 criteria. To study the differences among particular districts of the town the test for two proportions was conducted. The analyzed group of persons amounted to 380 patients, including 169 men and 211 women. It indicated that patients more frequently lived in more urbanized and postindustrial districts of town as well as men aged 20-29 years old in postindustrial districts. It should be mentioned that more of patients placed the inner city, but also in postindustrial district and in districts with city housinz oroiects.
基金Under the auspices of Special Financial Grant and General Financial Grant from the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2015T80127,2014M561040)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41371172,41401171,41471143)A Project Funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(No.164320H101)
文摘In this paper, the artificial neural network(ANN) model was used to evaluate the degree of intensive urban land use in Nanjing City, China. The construction and application of the ANN model took into account the comprehensive, spatial and complex nature of urban land use. Through a preliminary calculation of the degree of intensive land use of the sample area, representative sample area selection and using the back propagation neural network model to train, the intensive land use level of each evaluation unit is finally determined in the study area. Results show that the method can effectively correct the errors caused by the limitations of the model itself and the determination of the ideal value and weights when the multifactor comprehensive evaluation is used alone. The ANN model can make the evaluation results more objective and practical. The evaluation results show a tendency of decreasing land use intensity from the core urban area to the periphery and the industrial functional area has relatively low land use intensity compared with other functional areas. Based on the evaluation results, some suggestions are put forward, such as transforming the mode of urban spatial expansion, strengthening the integration and potential exploitation of the land in the urban built-up area, and strengthening the control of the construction intensity of protected areas.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.70871009 and 70801005Beijing Natural Science Foundation under Grant No 8102029+1 种基金Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University under Grart No.NCET-09-0208the Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Rail Traffie Control,and Safety under Grant No.RCS2010ZT001
文摘The traffic bottleneck plays a key role in most of the natural and artificial network. Here we present a simply model for bottleneck dynamical characteristics consideration the reliability on the complex network by taking into account the network topology characteristics and system size. We find that there is a critical rate of flow generation below which the network traffic is free but above which traffic congestion occurs. Also, it is found that random networks have larger critical flow generating rate than scale free ones. Analytical results may be practically useful for designing networks, especially for the urban traffic network.
文摘The purpose of this study is to explore the urban morphological aspects of cities governed by the juridical regime of emphyteusis, a recurrent situation in the northeastern part of the state of Silo Paulo, Brazil, with special attention to the city of Ribeirao Preto. The concession of lands to the Catholic Church was a recurring practice in Brazil during the colonial and imperial periods, when the cities were being established. As these lands were intended for the formation of patrimonial goods to show the devotion of the residents to a Catholic saint, the lands were not allowed to be commercialized. The tenure reveals a relation in which there is an owner--the landlord--who has direct control of the urban land. This owner allows another--the leaseholder--the useful domain of the land, thus giving the latter the right to use the land, the obligation to pay an annual tax and the responsibility to give the owner a percentage of the sales generated from the land. In 1845, farmers donated a tract of land to be used to glorify Silo Sebastiao. This land is now the city of Ribeirao Preto, and it is this conjuncture that defined the structure and the transformation of the original urban form of the current city.
