跨域水环境流域政府协同治理：理论框架与实现机制

由于流域水资源具有跨域性、外部性特征,传统的属地原则治理方式难以解决整个流域的污染问题,实行协同治理是扩大水环境治理的正外部性、阻滞跨域水环境负外部性扩散的必然选择。在中国,地方政府是跨域水环境治理的关键力量,因此,水环境治理中跨域政府间的有效协同系统是跨域水环境协同治理系统中最重要的组成部分。基于协同论视角构建跨域水环境的流域政府协同治理分析框架,对于跨域水环境治理具有十分重要的理论和实践意义。借鉴该理论框架,建构旨在激活跨域水环境流域政府协同治理系统自组织性的协同机制,是中国政府有效应对跨域水污染负外部性扩散的根本之策。

跨域水环境、河长制与整体性治理

跨域水环境治理实践中,跨域复杂性特征导致单一省份、单一部门主体治理能力的碎片化障碍,需以整体性治理理论诠释跨域水环境治理问题。以长江流域＂河长制＂为例,其内在运作逻辑关乎横纵向权力共治、责任整合以及主体协调等维度,且依然面临着主体信任、权责对等、合作协调等碎片化困境。为此,基于整体性治理视角建构出信任机制、维护与整合机制、协调机制以及反馈机制等＂四位一体＂的治理路径,有助于提升跨域水环境的治理质量,最终推动美丽中国的长效建设。

探讨流域水环境保护管理现状及对策

在经济社会不断发展进步,人民生活质量不断大幅度提升的情况下,人们对于环境提出了更高的要求。而在我国环境管理工作中,流域水环境的管理是其中比较突出的问题之一。现阶段,我国在流域水环境管理方面依然存在着很多的问题,主要包括以下几方面:管理制度匮乏,对流域水环境的持续性保护管理等工作的效果不佳;前期预警不足,流域水环境管理多偏向于后期治理;水环境保护管理的资金投入比较少等等。这些问题在很大程度上制约了我国社会经济与环境这两者之间的协调发展。为了能够进一步提高我国流域水环境的效果,在详细分析了现阶段我国流域水环境保护管理现状的基础上,并给出了解决对策,以提高我国流域水环境保护管理水平和管理质量。

我国农村跨域水环境污染治理工作面临的困境及对策

跨域合作治理是现阶段我国农村地区开展水环境污染治理工作的新途径,但在具体落实过程中存在诸多问题,影响了水环境治理效果。从专业角度来看,利益矛盾与冲突是制约跨域合作的本质因素,如何强化甘肃省定西市各村镇之间的"信任"及构建全新合作机制是新时期农村跨域水环境治理方面的重要研究课题。本文就农村跨域水环境治理展开全面研究,以提升我国农村地区水环境治理水平。

农村跨域水环境污染治理的思路探析

本文介绍了我国农村跨域水环境污染治理现状,阐述了我国农村跨域水环境污染问题的模型研究情况,从规范治理理念、融入公众治理主体、创建信息共享机制和完善监督约束机制等方面提出了农村跨域水环境污染的有效治理路径,以期为农村跨域水环境污染治理提供参考。

赵庄坑口电厂南北沟贮灰场对水环境影响及防治措施

分析评价南北沟贮灰场对辛安泉域水环境产生影响的方式、途径,明确拟选南北沟贮灰场建设的可行性,提出相应的防治措施和建议,为决策部门、南北沟贮灰场工程设计、环境管理和清洁生产等提供科学依据。

黄埔涌水闸的纠偏控制

黄埔涌位于广州市海珠区珠江前航道的南侧,上游出口位于珠江帝景东侧;下游出口位于石基村的西南侧,两端分别连接珠江前、后航道。本流域地势西北高,东南低,属低丘平原性河流,河涌总集雨面积为11.71km2,全长约7.72km,河面宽约57～124m。

Analysis on Strategic Future of Application of Agricultural Ecological Source in Control on Agricultural Nonpoint Source Pollution in Xi River Area in Guangxi

Non-point source pollution has become a hot issue on aquatic ecological environment at home and abroad. The research analyzed the challenges confronted by Xi River and proposed to construct agricultural ecological source in middle and upper reaches of the Xi River from the perspectives of scientific layout, legal construction, routine monitoring, technology integration, and coordination system in order to promote sustainable development of eco-environment in Xi River.

The concept, connotation and method of representation of watershed water environment carrying capacity （WWECC）

Based on the relationship between water environment system and human society, water environment carrying capacity （WECC） probes into supporting ability of complex water environment system to the human society. Recent years, due to the shortage of water resources and serious water pollution in several watersheds in China, the research of watershed water environment carrying capacity （WWECC） becomes very important. The conception, connotation and method of representation of WWECC are discussed deeply in this paper. It shows that WWECC is a kind of index that instructs whether the water environment system in watershed can continue to support the development of social economy and ecology, it is dimensionless number.

Effects of Salinity Fluctuation Frequency on the Growth, Molting Rate and Hemolymph 20-Hydroxyecdysone Concentration in Juvenile Chinese shrimp, Fenneropenaeus chinensis

This experiment was conducted to examine the effects of salinity fluctuation frequency on the growth, molting rate and hemolymph 20-hydroxyecdysone （20-HE） concentration for juvenile Fenneropenaeus chinensis with an initial wet body weight of 1.115 g±0.012 g. The salinity of the control treatment （represented by DO） was 28 throughout the experiment, whereas treatments D2, D4, D6 and D8 were subjected to different salinity fluctuation frequencies of 2, 4, 6 and 8 d, respectively. The range of salinity fluctuation was 4. The salinity in treatments D2, D4, D6 and D8 was kept at 28 for 2, 4, 6 and 8d, respectively; each original salinity was decreased abruptly to salinity 24, which first lasted for another 2 d and was then raised to its initial value 28. This constituted a salinity fluctuation cycle and afterwards the cycle repeated. It was found that： 1） The weight gain of shrimp in treatment D4 was 202.9% and significantly higher than that in treatment DO （P〈0.05）. The molting rate in treatment D2 was the lowest, while that in treatment D6 was the highest and significantly higher than those in treatments DO and D2 （P〈0.05）. 2） The hemolymph 20-HE concentration of shrimps in all treatments was at low levels and increased first gradually during the inter-molt period and then increased sharply. It reached a peak value during the pre-molt stage, and then decreased abruptly during the post-molt stage when the lowest level occurred. 3） During the post-molt stage, the hemolymph 20-HE concentration in treatment D2 was 7.47pg μL^-1 and significantly higher than that in treatment DO （P〈0.05）. There were, however, no significant differences in hemolymph 20-HE concentration among all five treatments during the inter-molt stage （P〉0.05）. During the pre-molt stage, the hemolymph 20-HE concentration in treatment D6 was significantly higher than that in treatment DO （P〈0.05）, whereas the hemolymph 20-HE concentration in treatment D2 was significantly lower than that in other treatments （P〈0.05）. Adequate salinity fluctuation promoted the molting rate through increasing hemolymph 20-HE concentration at the pre-molt stage.

Experimental research on the impact of Corbicula flumineaon DIN exchange at a tidal flat sediment-water interface

Based on a simulative experiment and a comparison analysis, the effect of bivalve Corbiculafluminea activity on sediment-water exchange of dissolved inorganic nitrogen （DIN） is studied. The areas included three intertidal flat sites of the Changjiang （Yangtze） River estuary in China. The interface exchange flux of ammonium, nitrate and nitrite in the short experiment （6 h） was -46.4-40, -74.8-929.1 and 2.5-14.6 μmol/（m^2·h）, respectively. It was found that the burrowing activities of C. fluminea increased NH4 and NOi release from sediments to overlying water in the short-term experiment. During long-term incubation, NH4 and NOi released in turn from the sediments. At the beginning of incubation, bioturbation by C. fluminea could accelerate NH2 release from sediments 2-17 times in different sites, resulting in stronger nitrification and increased NOi concentrations in the overlying water. Sediment profile analysis post-incubation shows that organic matter mineralization and sediment-water NH4 exchange had been stimulated by C. fluminea bioturbation and bioirrigation during the experiment. Therefore, C. fluminea activities such as excretion, burrowing, irrigation and turbation can effectively alter nitrogen dynamics and accelerate and stimulate nitrogen exchange and cycling at the sediment-water interface.

Water Environment Pollution in Three-Gorge Reservoir Area and Treatment Technology

After the erection of Three-Gorge Reservoir, the water environment in the reservoir area will be turned into water bodies like lakes, and the self-clarification ability of water will also be much slower than ever. Now, the quality of water in most segments in upper reaches of Yangtze River cannot meet the requirements of l-ll class Environment Quality Standard (GHZB1-1999). In Yangtze River, dialing River and Wujiang River, the main indexes such as colon bacillus, nonionic ammonia, chemical oxygen demand (COD), petroleum, phenol, total phosphorus (TP), heavy metal, etc., have exceeded the standard limits. The water bodies of the reservoir area are facing serious risk of eutrophicationm. To solve that problem, a countermea-sure of multi-spot diverted treatment and separate discharge is recommended. For doing this, lots of small-scale wastewater treatment facilities employing updated activated sludge treatment technologies are to be set up. Up to now, a number of sewage treatment technologies to control eutrophication of water have been developed, which include processes of sequencing batch activated sludge (SBR), absorbing bio-degradation (AB), oxidation channel, package intermittent aeration system (PIAS), intermittent cycle extended aeration system (ICEAS), UNITANK and so on. The Effective one to be applied in the reservoir area should convey the requirements of ecological agriculture, forestry and urban planning, and be accompanied by legal support for appropriate exploitation of natural resources.

Coordination of Urbanization and Water Ecological Environment in Shayinghe River Basin,China

During the rapid industrialization and urbanization of China,urban agglomeration in river basin areas raises the problems of over-use of water resources and pollution of the water environment.Related research in China has mainly focused on the conflicts among economic growth,urban expansion and water resource shortages within admin-istrative boundaries.However,water environments are much more dependent on their physical boundaries than their administrative boundaries.Consistent with the nature of water environment,this study aims at analyzing coordination relationships between urban development and water environment changes within physical river basin boundaries.We chose the Shayinghe River Basin,China,as our case study area which is facing serious challenges related to water en-vironment protection.Then we classified 35 county-level administrative units into upstream,midstream and down-stream regions based on their physical characteristics;analyzed the coordination degree of urban agglomeration using the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method;and constructed cooperative models using the Linear Programming (LP function) to simulate four scenarios of the coordination relationship be-tween urban population increase and water environment protection based on existing water resources and water pollu-tion data.The results show that the present coordinative situation in Shayinghe River Basin is not sustainable.In gen-eral,more than 50% administrative units are in the bad coordinative situation.In particular,the downstream region is under worse condition than the upstream and midstream regions.Cooperative models in scenario analyses indicate that the population scale set in existing urban master plannings is not coordinated with the water environment protection.To reach the goal of regional sustainable development,the total population needs to be controlled such that it will re-main at 4.5×10 7 or below by 2020 given the capacity of water environment.

Study on environmental impact of coal mining subsided water area in Huainan mining area

The subsided water areas with different times of subsidence are chosen to monitor the physicochemical indexes and heavy metal elements. The results indicate that subsided water areas are polluted in different degree. Some physicochemical indexes of subsided water areas are increased with the development of the subsidence and are changed with the changing of the season. The concentration of As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Se, Zn of subsided water areas is less than national fishery, and surface water quality standards of China , except Hg. And the quality of subsided water hasn＇t been polluted by heavy metal seriously. Analyzing and appraising the quality of the subsided water can give a reasonable data as basis in using the subsided water resource.

Identifying Key Environmental Factors Influencing Spatial Variation of Water Quality in Upper Shitoukoumen Reservoir Basin in Jilin Province,China

Based on the observed data in monitored drainage areas and GIS spatial analysis tools,watershed basic database of Shitoukoumen Reservoir Basin was built.The multivariate analysis and redundancy analysis(RDA) were used to analyze the spatial and temporal variations of water quality,identify the key environmental factors and their patterns influencing the spatial variation of water quality,and determine the main types and forms of the non-point source(NPS) pollutant export controlled by the key environmental factors.The results show that different patterns of environmental factors lead to great changes in water quality at spatial and seasonal scales.All selected environmental factors explain 64.5% and 68.2% of the spatial variation of water quality over dry season and rainy season,respectively,which shows clear seasonal difference.Over dry season,residential land is the most important environmental factor,which possesses 35.4% of the spatial variation,and drainage area is the second key environmental factor,which possesses 17.0% of spatial variation in the total variance.Over rainy season,slope length and drainage area are the key environmental factors,which possess 29.3% of the spatial variation together.Residential land influences nitrogen export by changing NH4+-N and particulate organic nitrogen(PON) discharge over dry season,and drainage area controls phosphorus export by regulating dissolved phosphorus(DP) drainage over dry season and phosphorus associated particulate(PAP) loss over rainy season,respectively.Although slope length is an important environmental factor,it does not influence NPS pollutant export.It is interesting that soil organic matter,as a minor environmental factor,highly determines phosphorus and nitrogen export by enhancing the DP,PAP and PON loss.

Do copepods inhabit hypersaline waters worldwide?A short review and discussion

A small number of copepod species have adapted to an existence in the extreme habitat of hypersaline water. 13 copepod species have been recorded in the hypersaline waters of Crimea （the largest peninsula in the Black Sea with over 50 hypersaline lakes）. Summarizing our own and literal_re data, the author concludes that the Crimean extreme environment is not an exception： copepod species dwell in hypersaline waters worldwide. There are at least 26 copepod species around the world living at salinity above 100; among them 12 species are found at salinity higher than 200. In the Crimea Cletocamptus retrogressus is found at salinity 360×10^-3 （with a density of 1 320 individuals/m^3） and Arctodiaptomus salinus at salinity 300×10^-3 （with a density of 343 individuals/m^3）. Those species are probably the most halotolerant copepod species in the world. High halotolerance of osmoconforming copepods may be explained by exoosmolyte consumption, mainly with food. High tolerance to many factors in adults, availability of resting stages, and an opportunity of long-distance transportation of resting stages by birds and/or winds are responsible for the wide geographic distribution of these halophilic copepods.

Coastal Sea Water Quality of Nha Trang Bay, Khanh Hoa, Viet Nam

Nha Trang Bay is famous not only because of its beauty, but also of the biodiversity values, especially coral reefs. Thus, the sea water quality monitoring systems are necessary for effective and available managements to protect the ecosystems and for sustainable development. There have been several monitoring systems here but they have been done separately and unconnectedly. This research was done to take an overview and access the status and changes of water quality from 2007-2014. The data obtained rainy seasons over the years showed a quite good environment here. The environment changes were also monitored and there were some changes between seasons and over years, decreasing, increasing, or unobvious trends. However, the difference was not so much; and there was not the sign of environmental degradation in the bay from 2007 to 2014. Besides, the stoichiometric nutrients limitations were initially assessed. Since Si ratios here were always higher compared to N and P, there was not increased potential for non-diatom algal blooms. Together with the recorded nutrients concentration data, it can be said that there was no evidence of eutrophication in the bay. Although there was partial contamination of some parameters at few moments, the sea water quality of Nha Trang bay was still in a good condition （according to Vietnamese and ASEAN criteria）.

Taxonomic Distinctness of Macrofauna as an Ecological Indicator in Laizhou Bay and Adjacent Waters

In this paper, we assessed the ecological and biodiversity status in the Bohai Sea through a quantitative survey on mac-rofaunal community at 25 stations in Laizhou Bay and adjacent waters in the autumn of 2006.We tested the robustness and effectiveness of taxonomic distinctness as an ecological indictor by analyzing its correlation with species richness and natural environmental variables and by analyzing other ecological indicators (Shannon-Wiener H' and W statistics from Abundance Biomass Comparison curve).Results so obtained indicated that the benthic environment of the study waters in general is not under major impact of anthropogenic disturbance, but some stations in Laizhou Bay and along the coast of the Shandong Peninsula and even in the central Bohai Sea might be moderately disturbed and showed signs of ecological degradation.The taxonomic distinctness measures △+ and Λ+ were independent of sampling effort and natural environment factors and were compliant to other ecological indicators.Further application of the taxonomic distinctness indicator to assess marine biodiversity and ecosystem health on a larger regional scale with historical data seems promising.

Maixi River estuary to the Baihua Reservoir in the Maotiao River catchment:phytoplankton community and environmental factors

Phytoplankton and environmental variables were measured monthly from July 2009 to August 2011 in the Maixi River from the estuary to Baihua Reservoir in the Maotiao River catchment, southwestern China, to understand phytoplankton community structure and environmental factors. The relationship between phytoplankton community structure and environmental factors including hydrological, meteorological, physical, and chemical variables were explored using multivariate analysis. A total of 81 taxa of phytoplankton were identified, which were mainly composed of chlorophyta, bacillariophyta, and cyanobacteria. The phytoplankton community was dominated by Pseudanabaena limnetica during summer and fall and by Cyclotella meneghiniana during winter and spring. The abundance of phytoplankton ranged from 0.24~ 104 cells/L to 33.45x 106 cells/L, with the minimum occurring during February 2010 and the maximum during July 2009. The phytoplankton community was dominated mainly by cyanobacteria from April to September, and by bacillariophyta and pyrrophyta from October to March. Canonical correspondence analysis showed that temperature, pH values, and orthophosphate were the most important driving factors regulating the composition and dynamics of the phytoplankton community in the estuary. Cyanobacteria and euglenophyta abundance and biomass were affected mainly by temperature and pH values, while most chlorophyta and bacillariophyta were influenced by the concentrations of nutrients.

Hydrological Response to Environment Change in Himalayan Watersheds: Assessment from Integrated Modeling Approach

Land use changes such as deforestation,increase in cropping or grazing areas and built-up land, likely modify the water balance and land surface behavior in the Himalayan watersheds.An integrated approach of hydrological and hydraulic modeling was adopted for comparative analysis of hydrological pattern in three Himalayan watersheds i.e.Khanpur,Rawal and Simly situated in the Northern territory of Pakistan.The rainfall-runoff model SWAT- Soil and water assessment tool and Hydro CAD were calibrated for the selected watersheds.The correlation analysis of the precipitation data of two climate stations i.e.Murree and Islamabad, with the discharge data of three rivers was utilized to select best suitable input precipitation data for Hydro CAD rainfall-runoff modeling.The peak flood hydrograph were generated using Hydro CAD runoff to optimize the basin parameters like CN, runoff volume, peak flows of the three watersheds.The hydrological response of the Rawal watershed was studied as a case study to different scenarios of land use change using SWAT model.The scenario of high deforestation indicated a decline of about 6.3% in the groundwater recharge tostream while increase of 7.1% in the surface runoff has been observed under the scenario of growth in urbanization in the recent decades.The integrated modeling approach proved helpful in investigating the hydrological behavior under changing environment at watershed level in the Himalayan region.