AIM： To assess each layer of the optical coherence tomography （OCT） image of the esophageal wall with reference to the histological structure, METHODS： Resected specimens of fresh pig esophagus was used as a model...AIM： To assess each layer of the optical coherence tomography （OCT） image of the esophageal wall with reference to the histological structure, METHODS： Resected specimens of fresh pig esophagus was used as a model for the esophageal wall. We injected cyanoacrylate adhesive into the specimens to create a marker, and scanned them using a miniature OCT probe. The localization of these markers was assessed in the OCT images. Then we compared the OCT-imaged morphology with the corresponding histological section, guided by the cyanoacrylate adhesive markers. We prepared a second set of experiments using nylon sutures as markers. RESULTS： The OCT image of the esophageal specimen has a clear five-layered morphology. First, it consisted of a relatively less reflective layer; second, a more reflective layer; third, a less reflective layer; fourth, a more reflective layer; and fifth, a less reflective layer. Comparing the OCT images with marked histological sections showed that the first layer corresponded to stratified squamous epithelium; the second to lamina propria; the third to muscularis mucosa; fourth, submucosa; and fifth, muscularis propria with deeper structures of the esophageal wa CONCLUSION： We demonstrated that the OCT image of the normal esophageal wall showed a five- layered morphology, which corresponds to histological esophageal wall components.展开更多
Evidence based pharmaceutical interventions focusing on the characteristics of antibiotics use in primary hospitals were investigated to optimize the use of antibiotics. Four pharmaceutical interventions were set up i...Evidence based pharmaceutical interventions focusing on the characteristics of antibiotics use in primary hospitals were investigated to optimize the use of antibiotics. Four pharmaceutical interventions were set up in this study： 1） different levels of antibiotic management system were developed; 2） usage of antibiotics was reported in a monthly journal for the entire hospital; 3） early antibiotics warning system was started; 4） communication between pharmacists and physicians was strengthened. Use of antibiotics in 2007 （before intervention） and 2008 （after intervention） in department of respiratory medicine was analyzed. Significant differences （P〈0.01） in antibiotics use before and after intervention were observed. Use of antibiotics was changed from focusing on one category of drugs to a rotation of a wide range of agents. Evidence based, sound pharmaceutical interventions were effective means to ensure the rational use of antibiotics.展开更多
文摘AIM： To assess each layer of the optical coherence tomography （OCT） image of the esophageal wall with reference to the histological structure, METHODS： Resected specimens of fresh pig esophagus was used as a model for the esophageal wall. We injected cyanoacrylate adhesive into the specimens to create a marker, and scanned them using a miniature OCT probe. The localization of these markers was assessed in the OCT images. Then we compared the OCT-imaged morphology with the corresponding histological section, guided by the cyanoacrylate adhesive markers. We prepared a second set of experiments using nylon sutures as markers. RESULTS： The OCT image of the esophageal specimen has a clear five-layered morphology. First, it consisted of a relatively less reflective layer; second, a more reflective layer; third, a less reflective layer; fourth, a more reflective layer; and fifth, a less reflective layer. Comparing the OCT images with marked histological sections showed that the first layer corresponded to stratified squamous epithelium; the second to lamina propria; the third to muscularis mucosa; fourth, submucosa; and fifth, muscularis propria with deeper structures of the esophageal wa CONCLUSION： We demonstrated that the OCT image of the normal esophageal wall showed a five- layered morphology, which corresponds to histological esophageal wall components.
文摘Evidence based pharmaceutical interventions focusing on the characteristics of antibiotics use in primary hospitals were investigated to optimize the use of antibiotics. Four pharmaceutical interventions were set up in this study： 1） different levels of antibiotic management system were developed; 2） usage of antibiotics was reported in a monthly journal for the entire hospital; 3） early antibiotics warning system was started; 4） communication between pharmacists and physicians was strengthened. Use of antibiotics in 2007 （before intervention） and 2008 （after intervention） in department of respiratory medicine was analyzed. Significant differences （P〈0.01） in antibiotics use before and after intervention were observed. Use of antibiotics was changed from focusing on one category of drugs to a rotation of a wide range of agents. Evidence based, sound pharmaceutical interventions were effective means to ensure the rational use of antibiotics.
