Success of the organization is only success so far without the appropriate competence. Therefore, the Finnish Defence Forces will also need professional and motivated individuals both now and in the future. The variab...Success of the organization is only success so far without the appropriate competence. Therefore, the Finnish Defence Forces will also need professional and motivated individuals both now and in the future. The variable, interdependent, and complex environment has set totally new requirements for future＇s officers1. The Finnish cadets＇ selection process plays a crucial role, because the Finnish Defence Forces educate and train all the officers by itself. By means of the student selection will be made decisions whose influences have long temporal dimension, The officers who graduate from the Finnish National Defence University will build up the tomorrow＇s Finnish Defense Forces. In this paper, it will address the quality and functionality of the Finnish Defence University＇s student selection processes as part of competence and knowledge management from the organization＇s point of view2. Because of overall changes of society and the security environment, the Finnish officers＇ education and training system （see Figure 1） has been modified frequently during the few recent years. Both the reforms of the degree programs of Military Science and the Finnish higher education culture＇s modifications have been tried to notice during the analysis. The paper is based on the author＇s doctoral thesis that is compiling at the moment.展开更多
Reinforcement--the process whereby maladaptive hybridization leads to the strengthening of prezygotic isolation between species--has a long history in the study of speciation. Because reinforcement affects traits invo...Reinforcement--the process whereby maladaptive hybridization leads to the strengthening of prezygotic isolation between species--has a long history in the study of speciation. Because reinforcement affects traits involved in mate choice and fertility, it can have indirect effects on reproductive isolation between populations within species. Here we review examples of these ＂cascading effects of reinforcement＂ （CER） and discuss different mechanisms through which they can arise. We discuss three factors that are predicted to influence the potential occurrence of CER： rates of gene flow among populations, the strength of selection acting on the traits involved in reinforcement, and the genetic basis of those traits. We suggest that CER is likely if （1） the rate of gene flow between conspecific populations is low; （2） divergent selection acts on phenotypes involved in reinforcement between sympatric and allopatric populations; and （3） the genetic response to reinforcement differs among conspecific populations subject to parallel reinforcing selection. Future work continuing to address gene flow, selection, and the genetic basis of the traits involved in the reinforcement will help develop a better understanding of reinforcement as a process driving the production of species diversity, both directly and incidentally.展开更多
文摘Success of the organization is only success so far without the appropriate competence. Therefore, the Finnish Defence Forces will also need professional and motivated individuals both now and in the future. The variable, interdependent, and complex environment has set totally new requirements for future＇s officers1. The Finnish cadets＇ selection process plays a crucial role, because the Finnish Defence Forces educate and train all the officers by itself. By means of the student selection will be made decisions whose influences have long temporal dimension, The officers who graduate from the Finnish National Defence University will build up the tomorrow＇s Finnish Defense Forces. In this paper, it will address the quality and functionality of the Finnish Defence University＇s student selection processes as part of competence and knowledge management from the organization＇s point of view2. Because of overall changes of society and the security environment, the Finnish officers＇ education and training system （see Figure 1） has been modified frequently during the few recent years. Both the reforms of the degree programs of Military Science and the Finnish higher education culture＇s modifications have been tried to notice during the analysis. The paper is based on the author＇s doctoral thesis that is compiling at the moment.
文摘Reinforcement--the process whereby maladaptive hybridization leads to the strengthening of prezygotic isolation between species--has a long history in the study of speciation. Because reinforcement affects traits involved in mate choice and fertility, it can have indirect effects on reproductive isolation between populations within species. Here we review examples of these ＂cascading effects of reinforcement＂ （CER） and discuss different mechanisms through which they can arise. We discuss three factors that are predicted to influence the potential occurrence of CER： rates of gene flow among populations, the strength of selection acting on the traits involved in reinforcement, and the genetic basis of those traits. We suggest that CER is likely if （1） the rate of gene flow between conspecific populations is low; （2） divergent selection acts on phenotypes involved in reinforcement between sympatric and allopatric populations; and （3） the genetic response to reinforcement differs among conspecific populations subject to parallel reinforcing selection. Future work continuing to address gene flow, selection, and the genetic basis of the traits involved in the reinforcement will help develop a better understanding of reinforcement as a process driving the production of species diversity, both directly and incidentally.
