大学教师学术水平排名模型

利用体育竞赛排名中的科利法和基纳法,将教师发表的文章按地区划分的平均引用次数作为评价属性,成功地建立了教师评价学术水平排名模型。对8名教师真实数据进行实验验证,给出教师学术实力评分排序的对比分析结果,证明了本文提出模型是有效的。

Fire temperature and residence time during dry season burning in a Sudanian savanna-woodland of West Africa with implication for seed germination

Prescribed fire is used in the Sudanian savanna-woodland of West Africa as a forest management tool. An experiment was carried out to assess the effects of season of burning, and different vertical probe positions on maximum fire temperature and temperature residence time above 60℃ which is considered lethal for plant tissues. Seasons of burning considered were： an early season fire set at the beginning of the dry season （beginning of December）, mid-season fire set at the peak of the dry season （mid-January）, and a late season fire at the end of the dry season （end of March）. The effects of these fires on the germination of buried seeds of three socio-economically valuable tree species were also examined. Results indicated significant differences in maximum fire temperature and residence time with respect to season of burning and vertical probe position （p 〈 0.001）. The highest and longest lasting temperatures were observed at 20 cm above ground during early fire and at the soil surface during mid-season and late fires. This, in turn, affected germination responses of seeds buried at different soil depths. Implications of these findings in the current management practices are discussed.

The Development of Agroecology at Barani （Burkina Faso）

Many researches deal with practices which could adduce reliable answers to insure an ecological development which meets the nowadays global issue ＂feed the world＂ in a sustainable way. But scientific research is much less prolific about social adhesion to those practices. How could we be certain that peasants will integrate them and transform their agriculture？ It is at that particular point that we settled our contribution. Our goal is to determine what are the levers which could be activated to promote agroecological practices, and, on the contrary, what are the obstacles which could prevent social adhesion to agroecology. The meticulous fieldwork carried in Barani, a landlocked small village in the North-West of the Burkina Faso, shows that all the ingredients for the development and the dissemination of agroecology already exist. Indeed, traditional agriculture is not so far from agroecology. But we noticed among peasants ofBarani a rejection of the local farming system synonymous, according to them, with backwardness, and an attraction for industrial agriculture, sign of modernity. Dissemination of agroecology will have to go through a major confidence-building work of the peasants with their own practices, as opposed to multiple trainings where they are always being taught what they already know.

Estimation of Soil Hydrodynamic Parameters Related to Agricultural Practices -Case of the Tougou Experimental Site （Burkina Faso）

This study aims to estimate the hydrodynamic properties of soils under various agricultural practices in the Tougou catchment in northern Burkina Faso. The methodology adopted is based on the determination of the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity and capillary sorptivity close to saturation. This method relies on the measurement of the transient infiltration flux at the soil surface with imposed hydraulic head varying from -60 to -20 mm. These tests are carried out on control, stony line, half-moon and zai plots. The results show a difference in hydrodynamic parameters according to the agricultural practices. The unsaturated hydraulic conductivity is 33.1 cm/h, 13.1 cm/h, 20.3 cm/h and 4.0 cm/h for zai, control, stony line and half-moon plots respectively. The unsaturated hydraulic conductivity is 33.1 cm/h, 13.1 cm/h, 20.3 cm/h and 4.0 cm/h for zai, control, stony line and half-moon plots respectively. The pores participating to water transfer also differ. The mean size of drainable pores is 43.7, 56.2, 22.3 and 87.2 pm on control, stony line, half-moon and zai plots respectively.

Rice Growth and Yield in Humid Forest of Cote d＇lvoire as Affected by Different Sources of Phosphates in Ferralsol

There is immobilization of inorganic P （phosphorus） fertilizer becoming unavailable to plants and declining yield over cropping seasons is occurring in rice agro-ecology of humid forest. The performances of indigenous PR （rock phosphates） from Ma （Mali）, Burkina Bu （Faso）, Ni （Niger）, To （Togo） and Senegal including that of Pa （Thies） and Ta （Taiba） were tested applying 200 kg.P2O5.ha-1 and 400 kg.P2O5.ha-1 once for three cropping seasons while TSP （triple super phosphate） was applied every season at 60 kg.P2O5.ha-1 and 120 kg-P2O5.ha-1. No P-fertilizer treatment was the control plot and WAB 56-104 was sown as rice variety. No significant difference was observed between the overall mean values of plant height, tiller and panicle numbers according to P-sources likewise for the grain yield when comparing that of 60 kg.P2O5.ha-1 （TSP） vs. treatments of PR while, the treatments Pa, Ta and To significantly induced greater grain yield than 120 kg.P2O5.ha-1 as TSP. Moreover, declining yield in the third cropping year was greater （75%） with TSP than for To, which was not significantly impacted by the number of cropping seasons. Applying 200 kg.P2O5.ha-1 of To was suggested as strategy for sustaining rice production on Ferralsol of west Africa.

Community Soil Resources Management for Sub-Saharan West Africa： Case Study of the Gourma Region in Burkina Faso

A study on community soil fertility management concepts and practices was conducted through rapid and participatory method of research in 15 villages of the Gourma region in Eastern part of Burkina Faso. These investigations aimed at determining farmers＇ knowledge on soil resources： local soil taxonomy and indicators of soil degradation, soil fertility management practices, and capacity for adoption of new technologies in soil fertility management. The results of the study showed that the main parameter for soil classification for all the investigated villages was soil texture composition; soil degradation was evaluated according to crops yield decrease and the development Striga sp. in 100% of the investigated villages; the use of organic manure and long term fellow were the main practices for soil fertility management; concerning the villages where modem technologies of soil fertility management were introduced, the lack of tools and capacity building were the main limiting factors of the adoption of these improved practices at small scale farmers＇ level. Even if discordance between scientific and local soil taxonomy were revealed by our investigations; significant similarities between indigenous and scientific indices of soil degradation were noticed. With regard to the actual magnitude of soil degradation; the local techniques of soil fertility management need to be improved and accessible to a big number of farmers.

Study of the Influence of a Young Synthetic Leachate on the Hydromechanical Properties of a Swelling Clay

Despite the developments of sectors which aim at valorizing recyclable materials, landfills remain essential in integrated waste management. The construction of such infrastructures is an engineering challenge that must be proven over the long term. The purpose of this study is to understand the modification of the hydromechanical properties of bottom liners of landfills that may occur during their exploitation under leachate action. To do so, on the basis of its parameters of nature, a swelling clay from Burkina Faso is selected from soils of seven localities in Burkina Faso （West Africa）. Laboratory tests carried out with distilled water and then with a young synthetic leachate show a degradation of the permeability of this clay from 2.42 × 10^-10 m/s to 1.01 × 10^-9 m/s. In addition, leachate leads to an inhibition of the swelling and a remarkable increase of its compressibility, inducing significant settlement. With the increase in permeability, the primary consolidation settlement is increasing faster. Changes in the hydromechanical behavior can be attributed to the clays mineralogy, mainly cation exchange and the development of the diffuse double layer.

Optimizing the Interpretation of Sub-surface Resistivity in Relation with Borehole Productivity in Basement Area Applied to Seno Province （Burkina Faso）

This study aims at identifying possible correlations between shapes, types of geophysical anomalies and borehole productivity according to geological and hydrogeotogical contexts. The methodology adopted was a two-pronged one--the first step sought to： （1） interpret the electrical resistivity values from horizontal profiling and vertical electrical sounding implemented in Seno province that preceded the drilling of 513 boreholes; （ii） interpret data from pumping tests carried out on boreholes having a discharge superior to 1 m3/h （＂positive borehole＂） by using Cooper-Jacob＇s method. In the second step, according to geology, authors tried to identify possible correlations between each of the qualitative geophysical parameters： ~shape of anomaly〉〉, tttype of anomaly〉〉 and ~〈type curve〉〉 on the one hand, and hydrogeological parameters such as discharge, alteration thickness, transmissivity and saturated level on the other. The results of this study have shown that the chances of having a positive borehole in Seno province are higher when the type of anomaly is TCC （80%）, shape of anomaly is ＂W＂ and when type curve is ＂H＂ （80%） for all geological formations. Granitic formations are those that record higher discharges while schists record high transmissivity values.

Effects of Continuous Mineral and Organic Fertilizer Inputs and Ploughing on Groundnut Yield and Soil Fertility in a Groundnut-Sorghum Rotation in Central Burkina Faso

Two field experiments were conducted at Saria in the centre of Burkina Faso in order to assess the effect of chemical and organic fertilizers on yields and soil fertility on two different soils. Groundnut haulm yield, pod yield, number of pods, % 2-seeded pods, % pod rot, seed yield and 100 seeds weight as well as sorghum dry shoot and grain yields were measured. Most of the different variables were affected by continuous cropping without fertilizer application on the two soils, in particular on the coarse one. The effect of nutrient deficiencies was observed. The mineral fertilizers maintained yields, but their supply was not able to replenish the nutrient uptake by plants. The effect of compost on crop production was initially minimal, but improved during years seven and height. Tillage had also a slightly positive effect on yield, which varied with soil type. In the control plot, the content of organic matter decreased in five years and did not increase with the application of fertilizers. In contrast, addition of fertilizers increased total N and Bray-I P. Nitrogen, P, K and Ca balances were negative in almost all treatments without mineral fertilizers. Results showed that fertilizers used were inadequate for maintaining soil fertility and yields in long run. However, extra production did not provide significant profits.

Herbicidal Activity of Chlorimuron-ethyl （107 g/kg） Associated with Metribuzin （643 g/kg） on Sugar Cane Weeds and Its Effects on Soil Agrochemical Properties, in Burkina Faso

The efficiency and selectivity of chlorimuron-ethyl （107 g/kg） associated with metribuzin （643 g/kg）, against weeds which causes big damages to sugar cane, have been studied on the sugar cane field of Beregadougou. The experimental design was a Latin rectangle with eight treatments in four replications including an untreated control, manual weeding, a control product （Trifloxysulfuron-sdium 1.85% ＋ Ametryn 73.15%） and five rates of chlorimuron-ethyl associated with metribuzin. Weeds counting and weighing their dry biomass have been done using 0.25 m2 quadrants to determine their biological efficiencies. The soil nitrogen nitrate and assimilable phosphorus contents were evaluated on a spectrophotometer, those of available potassium on a flame photometer. The biological efficiency coefficients of this herbicide, varied from 12.41% to 100%, according to their dry biomass. High rates, phytotoxics, showed the best coefficients. At the sugar cane complete maturation, the higher rates of imposter led to an accumulation of nitrogen nitrate content and lower available phosphorus and potassium contents, compared to the untreated control. The rate of 1.20 kg/ha became the dose to apply against weeds and less toxic to the soil.

New Geological and Hydrogeological Information on the Eastern Border of the Gondo Plain （Burkina Faso）

The Gondo plain lies between Mali and Burkina Faso and it is in interland basin into the West African Craton. Since 2003, this study has been carried out two research projects on the southwest part of the plain, where the piezometric levels are very low （50 m to 100 m）. It has two main purposes： find water resources to provide drinking water supply to Ouahigouya town and assess the exploitation possibility of the deep aquifer for rural water supply. Combined methods were used to reach the objectives of this study--remote sensing, geology, geophysics （electromagnetism and resistivity methods）, hydrochemistry and isotope chemistry. So, the methodology allows to specify the geology and the tectonic of the eastern border of the basin, identify and characterize the different aquifers and their relationships. Through the implementation of 250 m deep drilled boreholes, this study reveals that the water level of the lower Cambrian limestones can be under pressure below the continental terminal deposits. The study highlights paleo-karstic zones in the Gondo plain and shows that water chemistry and isotope chemistry can be used to differentiate water sheets and evaluate their recharge.

The Impact of Colonial Rule on the Gyaman State

The balkanisation of the African continent by the European powers in the nineteenth century caused the territorial division of people with the same ancestry into two or more states under different European governments. During the partition, the European powers did not take into consideration the cultural and historical boundaries of the people of Africa. In West Africa for example, the partition made some Nzema people to be found in La Cote d＇Ivoire and in Ghana. Some Dagarti are also found in Burkina Faso and while others remained in Ghana. Ewes today can be found in the three countries of Ghana, Togo and Benin. The same applies to the Bono in Gyaman. Some of the Gyaman people can be found in the Ivory Coast with others in Ghana. This article discusses Gyaman under the British and French colonial rule. It focuses on the responses of Gyaman authorities to colonialism and details out British and French colonial policies and their impact on the Gyaman people.

Homegardens as a Source of Income for Rural Households A Case Study of Bieha District, Southern Burkina Faso

This exploratory research studied the contribution of homegardens to household income generation. In Burkina Faso, the Bieha department was purposively selected. The initial rapid rural appraisal was complemented by a household survey. Tools of data collection included observation, key informant interview, and focus group discussion. For the survey, eighty households were selected based on systematic sampling. Data was collected by individual interviews at household level, and for statistical calculations, the households were subsequently categorized as small, medium and commercial based on their homegarden size. It was found that all the surveyed households managed homegardens composed of trees, crops and animals. Majority of the farmers （43%） belonged to the small category due to land constraints. Generally, farms contributed more income than the plant component of homegardens. However, when the livestock component of homegardens was added, homegardens became far more important than farms and accounted for over 60% of income generation for all categories. It can be concluded that homegardens are important to rural people for food and cash income.

Impact of Rising Oil Prices on the Living Cost in Burkina Faso

Fluctuations of the world oil prices affect economic performance. Outside the impact on the sector of energy production, the rising oil price has consequences on inflationary pressures and a deteriorating fiscal position of Burkina Faso. In this context, studying the impact of rising oil prices on the economy, especially the cost of living of its population has a great interest because although many studies have attempted to link 〈〈oil prices〉~ and 〈〈cost of living~, very few have focused on the specific case of Burkina Faso. This allows us to make our contribution to this construction literature. This contribution will consist to highlight the relation between changes in oil prices and the cost of living in Burkina Faso. Also to be reached, we will find the best indicator to reflect the cost of living in Burkina Faso, identify the suitable econometric model for estimating the correlation and verify the existence of the relation between oil prices and the cost of living. For a better approach to this study, we used a VAR （Vector Auto-Regressive） model. Also, we will use documentary research that will make an assessment on the existing in terms of theoretical debates around the theme descriptive statistics that will help to introduce and describe the variables used in the study, and econometric analysis will analyze and estimate the parameters of our objective function using Eviews.

Preparation of N, O-carboxymethyl Chitosan Composite Nanofiltration Membrane and Its Rejection Performance for the Fermentation Effluent from a Wine Factory

N, O-carboxymethyl chitosan （NOCC） composite nanofiltration （NF） membranes were prepared by coating and cross-linking. The fermentation effluent from a wine factory was treated with the resulting NOCC/polysulfone （PSF） composite NF membranes. The permeate flux and the removal efficiencies of the resulting NF membranes for the color, chemical oxygen demand （CODcr）, total organic carbon （TOC）, and conductivity of the fermentation effluent were investigated in relation to the driving pressure, the feed flow, and the operation time. The permeate flux and the removal efficiencies were found to increase with the increase of the driving pressure or the feed flow. At 0.40 MPa and ambient temperature the removal efficiencies were 95.5%, 70.7%, 72.6%, and 31.6% for color, CODcr, TOC, and conductivity, respectively. The membrane was found to be stable over a 10-h ooeration for the fermentation effluent treatment.

Vetiver Grass and Micropollutant Leaching Through Structured Soil Columns Under Outdoor Conditions

In Burkina Faso, significant amounts of endosulfan are applied to cotton fields; in addition, urban vegetable agriculture is often characterised by high fertiliser inputs, such as urban solid wastes containing heavy metals(e.g., Cu and Cd). Thus, the relevance of surrounding cotton and urban vegetable plots with vetiver(Vetiveria zizanioides) hedges to reduce environmental pollution by micropollutants was investigated using a leaching experiment, with outdoor lysimeters filled with two representative agricultural soils of Burkina Faso: Vertisol and Lixisol. After 6 months, little Cu was found in the leachates(< 0.010% of the applied amount) due to its high adsorption coefficient and its tendency to remain at the soil surface. Despite leachate and bromide recoveries being greater in soils planted with vetiver grass than in the bare soils, smaller amounts of endosulfan and Cd were found in the effluents from the planted soils(0.01% to 0.70% of the applied amount) than in those from the bare soils(0.01% to 1.48% of the applied amount), in agreement with their adsorption coefficients. These results may also be explained by a greater degradation of endosulfan in planted soils compared to bare soils and the absorption of Cd by vetiver. Thus, vetiver may decrease the risk of groundwater contamination,especially for Cd and endosulfan, which are more mobile than Cu. In addition, despite the smaller amounts of endosulfan and Cd measured in the Vertisol leachates(0.01% and 0.04% of the applied amount, respectively) compared to the Lixisol leachates, vetiver was more effective in decreasing the leaching of micropollutants if planted on Lixisol rather than on Vertisol. Further field monitoring is necessary to demonstrate the effectiveness of vetiver under the climatic conditions of Burkina Faso.

Co_3O_4 nanosheet-built hollow dodecahedrons via a two-step self-templated method and their multifunctional applications

TheCo3O4 nanosheet-built hollow dodecahedrons(Co3 O4 NSHDs) were fabricated via a controllable twostep self-templated method. The ZIF-67 dodecahedrons were prepared as first self-template to synthesize the Co-LDH hollow dodecahedrons, which were further used as self-template to fabricateCo3O4 NSHDs by a controlled calcination.The proposed two-step self-templated method not only brings hollow structures without auxiliary template, ultrathin nanosheet, ultrafine grains, and large surface areas, but also allows the easy and uniform surface modification, as demonstrated of PdO modification. TheCo3O4 NSHDs with above features could show multifunctional applications, such as sensing and catalysis. Experiments suggest that theCo3O4 NSHDs show good gas sensing performances to trimethylamine at a low operating temperature(100 oC). They can be further enhanced by PdO surface modification, which have a low detection limit(250 ppb) and a short response time(4.5 s).In addition, theCo3O4 NSHDs exhibited excellent oxygen evolution reaction performances with a low overpotential of359 mV, low Tafel slope of 80.7 mV dec-1 and low electrochemical impedance, which was superior to those for theCo3O4 NCs obtained by directly calcinating the ZIF-67 templates,Ni foam and most common metal oxides catalysts.

Direct fabrication of carbon nanotube-graphene hybrid films by a blown bubble method

Hybridization of carbon nanotubes （CNT） with graphene provides a promising means of integrating the attributes of both materials, thereby enabling widespread application. Here, we present a method to directly assemble hybrid CNT- graphene films by a blown bubble method combined with selective substrate annealing. We use polymethylmethacrylate （PMMA） as the polymeric matrix to blow bubbles containing self-assembled multi-walled CNT arrays, and then transform the bubble film into a CNT-graphene hybrid film by thermal annealing on a Cu substrate; PMMA serves as the carbon source for growing single to few-layer graphene among the CNT network until a continuously hybridized structure is formed. Compared to the bare （non-hybridized） CNT networks, the hybrid films exhibit improved electrical conductivity and structural integrity. Our method also enables the fabrication of a multi-walled CNT-Si solar cell, which has high power conversion efficiency, through the assembly of hybrid CNT-graphene structures.