基荷型天然气液化工厂冷却方式比选分析

基荷型天然气液化工厂冷却方式的选择既是液化工艺设计的基础,也是决定设备选型的关键因素之一。合理选择冷却方式既关系到液化装置的能耗,也关系到液化装置的产量稳定性和安全可靠性,同时,冷却方式的选择也受到换热器设备、自环境条件、占地面积和造价等因素的影响。介绍世界上基荷型液化工厂常用的冷却方式,分析了不同冷却方式对液化装置性能的影响以及冷却方式选择的工程影响因素。

FSRU再气化模块再冷凝系统控制方案研究

再气化模块作为液化天然气浮式储存与再气化装置(FSRU)中的核心装备,再冷凝系统的控制对整个再气化模块的稳定运行至关重要。结合传统陆上液化天然气(LNG)接收站和FSRU船再冷凝器工艺流程和控制方案,提出了适用于再气化模块再冷凝系统的新型压力控制方案和液位控制方案,采用HYSYS模拟分析了2种控制方案在BOG(闪蒸气)变化工况下的稳定时间及再冷凝器液位、压力等参数超调量。结果表明:2种控制方案均能实现再冷凝系统的平稳运行,新型液位控制方案再冷凝器液位及顶部压力超调量小,但达到平稳控制的时间较长,适用于外输量波动较大的调峰型再气化模块;新型压力控制方案的控制超调量较大、稳定速度较快,适用于稳定外输的基荷型再气化模块。本研究为后续模块化、集约化程度较高的再气化装备研发设计提供了参考。

天然气液化C_3/MRC工艺研究

带丙烷预冷的混合冷剂制冷天然气液化工艺(C_3/MRC工艺)结合了级联式液化流程和混合冷剂液化流程的优点,即高效、简单,但目前我国尚无该工艺的技术应用,故开展了天然气液化C_3/MRC工艺研究。在介绍C_3/MRC工艺流程的基础上,对冷剂压缩机控制方式及压缩机出口冷剂冷却方式进行了研究,归纳了C_3/MRC工艺的技术特点。研究表明,C_3/MRC工艺适用于水源丰富地区的大型LNG工厂建设。通过开展该工艺研究,力图打破国外技术垄断,推动我国LNG工业的发展。

Expression of heat shock proteins (HSP27, HSP60, HSP70, HSP90, GRP78, GRP94) in hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinomas and dysplastic nodules

AIM: Expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs) is frequently up-regulated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which evolves from dysplastic nodule (DN) and early HCC to advanced HCC. However, little is known about the differential expression of HSPs in multistep hepatocarcinogenesis. It was the purpose of this study to monitor the expression of HSPs in multistep hepatocarcinogenesis and to evaluate their prognostic significance in hepatitis B virus (HBV)related HCC.METHODS: Thirty-eight HCC and 19 DN samples were obtained from 52 hepatitis B surface antigen-positive Korean patients. Immunohistochemical and dot immunoblot analyses of HSP27, HSP60, HSP70, HSP90, glucoseregulated protein (GRP)78, and GRP94 were performed and their expression at different stages of HCC development was statistically analyzed.RESULTS: Expression of HSP27, HSP70, HSP90, GRP78, and GRP94 increased along with the stepwise progression of hepatocarcinogenesis. Strong correlation was found only in GRP78 (Spearman's r= 0.802). There was a positive correlation between the expressions of GRP78, GRP94, HSP90, or HSP70 and prognostic factors of HCC. Specifically, the expression of GRP78, GRP94, or HSP90 was associated significantly with vascular invasion and intrahepatic metastasis.CONCLUSION: The expressions of HSPs are commonly up-regulated in HBV-related HCCs and GRP78 might play an important role in the stepwise progression of HBVrelated hepatocarcinogenesis. GRP78, GRP94, and HSP90 may be important prognostic markers of HBV-related HCC, strongly suggesting vascular invasion and intrahepatic metastasis.

A damage-based constitutive model for rock under impacting load

Using the Splitting Hopkinson Pressure Bar （SHPB） experimental system, investigations were made into the dynamic mechanical performances of underground soft rocks. The experiments proved that the measured stress-strain curves display the characteristics of plastic deformation. By making use of a revised overstress constitutive formula for the stress model and by taking into account that the strain rate and strain are a function of I - E（t）/Eo, a revised overstress constitutive formula for the stress model was simplified by applying dimensional analysis and consequently, a simplified overstress formula was obtained for the stress model. Then, by taking into consideration the effects of damage under a dynamic load on the dynamic loading strength of the rock, the continuous damage theory and the statistical strength theory were introduced into the development of the simplified overstress constitutive formula for the stress model. Hence, a damage-based constitutive formula for an overstress model, which can be appropriately applied to the analysis of full dynamic stress-strain curves, was developed. By using the simplified damage-based constitutive formula for an overstress model, the actually measured curves are fitted, indicating that the fitting curves and those actually measured are in good agreement.

Forecasting model of residential load based on general regression neural network and PSO-Bayes least squares support vector machine

Firstly,general regression neural network(GRNN) was used for variable selection of key influencing factors of residential load(RL) forecasting.Secondly,the key influencing factors chosen by GRNN were used as the input and output terminals of urban and rural RL for simulating and learning.In addition,the suitable parameters of final model were obtained through applying the evidence theory to combine the optimization results which were calculated with the PSO method and the Bayes theory.Then,the model of PSO-Bayes least squares support vector machine(PSO-Bayes-LS-SVM) was established.A case study was then provided for the learning and testing.The empirical analysis results show that the mean square errors of urban and rural RL forecast are 0.02% and 0.04%,respectively.At last,taking a specific province RL in China as an example,the forecast results of RL from 2011 to 2015 were obtained.

An Experimental Study on the Response of Model Footings Resting on Reinforced Flyash Beds under Repeated Load

In the present, investigation an attempt has been made to study the behavior of reinforced flyash beds under repeated loads by conducting carefully designed experiments. The main objective of the experiments conducted is to evaluate the beneficial effects of using flyash as a backfill material in the reinforced beds to resist the repeated loads. As no unique standard equipment is available for the application of repeated loads and to measure the response, different researchers have designed and fabricated different types of equipments for the testing. The repeated load of known intensity with waveform type and frequency is applied on the surface and embedded footing in unreinforced and reinforced flyash beds. The response of the flyash beds, in the form of settlement is measured using linear variable differential transducers. The experimental results clearly demonstrated that the provision of reinforcement in the flyash beds is effective in improving the performance of both surface and embedded footing under repeated loads.

Effect of the number of layers on the bond strength for multi-layer brittle coating-substrate system

Finite element method(FEM) was used to investigate the effect of the number of layers on the bond strength for the brittle coating/substrate materials at contact load condition,which has not been addressed previously.The maximum shear stress was used to act as the criterion of the bonded strength.This paper discussed the relationship between the number of coating layers and the maximum shear stress of the layer/substrate interface.Firstly,the results of the FEM and the Hertz analytical method were compared to verify the accuracy of the FEM model.It was found that with the increase in the number of coating layers,the position of the suddenly changed stress along the z axis is transformed from the interface to the external surface of the coating.Finally,the increase in the number of layers contributes to the decrement of the stress along the x axis.