小议在创新教育的课堂上生物教师的语言艺术

语言作为人类思想交流的最直接工具,是教学过程的主要媒体。在创新教学的课堂里,语言艺术的完美运用是激发学生学习积极性、培养学生创新意识、提高教学质量的关键。苏霍姆林斯基说:"如果你想使你的知识不变成僵死的、静止的学问,就要把语言变成一个最重要的工具。"生物课上,教师的语言艺术至关重要。

双师同堂授课模式在药理学整合课程中的设计与探索

医学教育正在向整合式教学模式改革,药理学是基础医学与临床医学之间的重要学科桥梁。目前药理学整合课程教学面临着整合融合度不足的问题。设计并探索双教师同堂教学授课模式可以提高整合度从而提升教学质量,利用该授课模式可以在结合药理学课程特点的基础上更好地融合基础医学和临床医学内容。通过分析双教师同堂授课模式的国内外现状、药理学整合课程中的应用、存在的问题及改进措施,以期为药理学整合课程提供教学方法的参考。

Researching Classroom-Based Assessment for Formative Purposes

This article aims to help teacher-researchers engage in empirical research on classroom-based assessment for formative purposes. We will first introduce the key features of classroom-based formative assessment(CBFA), and analyze the research questions asked in round-one projects funded by the Fund for Assessment Research(FAR) in Foreign Language Education in China. Next, we will illustrate how some research questions can be answered by analyzing a video-taped lesson from a round-one FAR project. We conclude by calling for more teacher-led research and argue that research on CBFA by teachers will not only produce valid interpretations and applicable findings, but also constitute a viable model for teacher professional development.

Error Correction Strategy Use in the Second Language Classroom： A Study of Junior High School English Teachers in Ghana

Error correction, in recent times, is seen as one of the important teaching processes in L2 （second language） learning, because comprehensible inputs alone is insufficient for acquisition of language. However, few L2 teachers know much about error analysis and how to correct errors in the L2 classroom. Error correction is a very complicated and a thorny issue in L2 teaching and learning. L2 teachers, therefore, need to be armed with ways in which errors can be treated to ensure maximum effect yet with less harm to learners. Identifying learners＇ errors is very important in L2 learning, but how to correct them to give the desired effect is equally important and very challenging to L2 teachers. It is therefore crucial to initiate a study in Ghana to find out how errors are corrected in the Ghanaian English language classroom. This case study used complete observation and semi-structured interview as data collection strategies to identify error correction strategies/types English teachers use in the Ghanaian JHS （Junior High School） classroom and how error correction/treatment can be improved to facilitate English language teaching and learning. The findings of the study showed that explicit error correction technique was the most commonly used followed by recast, elicitation, metalinguistic clues, clarification request, repetition, and cues. It was also found that the causes of the disparity in the use of the various error correction types were inadequate teacher preparation, incompetence in English language, limited knowledge in error correction, caliber of students, and insufficient teaching time. This study identified that the situation can be improved through effective teacher training, in-service training, learner involvement, and effective planning.

Discoursal Features of Teachers＇ Instructional Discourse

Teachers＇ discourse is teachers＇ language used in the classroom. Teachers＇ instructional discourse, a sub-category of teachers＇ discourse, is the medium that teachers use to achieve the teaching and learning goals It is not only the means for teachers to organize teaching activities, but is also taken as the model language by students. This paper examines teachers＇ instructional discourse by focusing on its discoursal features. Drawing on the theories and methods in discourse analysis, four categories of discoursal features in teachers＇ instructional discourse are proposed. They are communicativeness, authenticity, coherence, and grammaticality and appropriateness. The four discoursal features will provide a framework for analyzing teachers＇ instructional discourse in the language classroom

Reflections on On- and Off-Campus Activities in Elementary Seminars Using E-portfolios

In first-year and second-year seminars, students were assigned homework requiring them to upload entries in a LP （learning portfolio） to a designated website every week. Students selected what they considered to be the most impressive lesson in a given week and reflected on ways to put the material contained in the lesson to practical use. Additionally they reflected on their experience outside the classroom in order to relate this experience to material covered in the lessons. Students had positive feelings about the LPs and recognized that the LPs helped them grow as students. But students had difficulty comprehending connections between the material presented in lessons and out-of-class experiences. Students indicated that the instructor＇s comments increased their motivation to continue working on the LPs. Instructors should make time to meet with students to discuss LPs in class, and this ideally would increase reciprocal understanding between instructors and students.

University Students＇ Perceptions of English Teachers＇ Codeswitching in Class

Foreign language teachers＇ codeswitching （CS） between Foreign Language （FL） and Mother Tongue （MT） in class has been under discussion for years. Out of the pedagogical concern, many teaching practitioners conducted various studies in different contexts aiming at describing, quantifying, and interpreting teachers＇ CS between FL and MT in class. However, up till now little attention is paid to students＇ perceptions and understandings of teachers＇ CS, which may help improve educators＇ understanding of the phenomenon in FL classrooms. This paper presents the result of two focus group interviews with groups of Chinese university students at their third and fourth year of college. Following a formal interview outline, issues on students＇ recall, understanding and evaluation of teachers＇ CS are addressed in the interview. Based on the analysis of the interviews, a better understanding on foreign language teachers＇ CS is gained, and students＇ perceptions on teachers＇ purposes and reasons for CS are drawn. A framework for investigating foreign language teachers＇ CS in Chinese universities is proposed with two hypotheses generated.

The Strengths and Weaknesses of Mini-Class Model for Chinese College Students

When it comes to the practical use of English, the traditional college English class, which has big size and uses lecture-style teaching, has increasingly showed its disadvantages. The English Department of Harbin Engineering University has initiated a mini-class model in recent years, which has received positive responses from both teachers and students who have experienced the class. By comparing the lecture-style class with mini-class, this paper will introduce the strengths and weaknesses of mini-class according to the author＇s observation of the class as well as the feedbacks from teachers and students. As is found out, its strengths far outweigh its weaknesses, and therefore the model is highly recommended for college English class in other schools

Understanding the Process of Pre-service EFL Teachers＇ Reflective Thinking on Classroom Interaction

Based on Dewey＇s （1933） connotation on reflection, this study focuses on the process ofpre-service EFL （English as a foreign language） teachers＇ reflective thinking. There are eight teachers participating in the study during their practicum. Their reflective diary, the interviews between the researchers and the teachers, and classroom observation data are triangulated each other. The features of their reflection process are concluded： （1） Their reflections tend to be spontaneous interpretation; （2） their reflective thinking is partly ＂reasoning＂ phases; and （3） they depend on the authorities in the process of reflective thinking. Some implications are made for the guidelines in EFL teachers＇ practicum

Current Situation of Cultural Conflict Between Teachers and Students in English Classes Provided by Colleges and Universities and Effective Solutions

At present, quality education is proceeding in full swing in China. English education provided by colleges and universities of China has gone through a series of reform and gained relatively rapid development to a certain degree. English has become an international language, and most companies have listed English proficiency as an important requirement for hiring employees, which indicates that English teaching in classrooms of colleges and universities is of great importance. However, cultural conflict between teachers and students in English classes provided by colleges and universities has been gradually drawing people＇s attention and has an impact on quality of English teaching provided by colleges and universities. In this paper, the current situation of cultural conflict is introduced and several solutions for solving such cultural conflicts are put forward, which may be viewed as a reflection.

Action Research in Language Education

Action research is a kind of research in language education, but it has its own characteristics. And its implementation will help a lot in both teachers＇ professional development and classroom teaching. This article has made a tentative study of the practical use of Action Research and some problems teachers confront in using it. This article is also concerned with some solutions to the problems teachers may face, e.g., being lack of knowledge about action research and expertise, being lack of time of action research, having too large class, being short of support including money, constraints from students and authority＇s response. The implentation of action research needs teachers, experts, and school athority＇s effort to improve language teching and language education.

Case study of teachers＇ motivational comments

This paper aims at demonstrating what is motivational comments from teachers which can motivate students to participate in classroom activities and showing patterns of feedback occurring in real classroom teacher-student interaction by doing a case study of episodes of teacher＇s feedback in an English class.

Unseen Observation

Classroom observation is an essential area that needs to be further investigated due to the role it plays in teachers professional development. However, there is a great dispute about the viability of the current practices by those responsible to evaluate and support teachers. This study aims at investigating the effectiveness of a new supervisory method called ＂Unseen Observation＂ （henceforth UO）, a strategy where teachers sit for a pre/post-lesson discussions but with no observer in class. Teachers were interviewed to measure their perceptions of the new method. Various findings were reached as to the level of satisfaction by teachers and their abilities to reflect on their lessons without the presence of the observer in their lessons

History of Church Design in Olszyna Lubanska

The history of the design of St. Joseph the Betrothed church in Olszyna Lubaflska is presented in the paper. The first design of the church was drawn up by a local master builder in 1889 but was given such a poor evaluation by a firm of architects in Berlin that a new project had to be commissioned. The technical opinion on the design is analysed in the paper： both projects are discussed and some of the drawings from the projects are presented. The text of the expert evaluation and the draft of the church have never been published yet.

The role repositioning of teacher and student in the process of knowledge internalization under flipped classroom

Flipped classroom model led to the transformation of university teachers＇ teaching role. From the perspective of the sociology of knowledge, the teacher professional development is a process of transformation of the role of teachers, and role transformation and the way of actors involved in the knowledge are associated. Participating in knowledge in different ways, role types are also different. Thus, changing the way ofparticipating in knowledge is the basic way to participate in the transformation of the role. Classification of roles is not the classification ofhumans.A social may might play many roles of many types in his life andmay have the function of a variety of roles at the same time. Meanwhile, it can be transferred between characters, especially in the case of depending on the same knowledge system.As long as the ways of involvement are different,the functions and types of roles are also different. University teachers are those who play a variety of roles of knowledge and society, some being the teaching teachers of organization and dissemination of knowledge, some being scientific and teaching teachers who focus on organizing and disseminating knowledge as well as knowledge creation, and knowledge creation and heavy teacher teaching and research, while others are knowledge creation based research teachers. In the field of the sociology of knowledge, university teachers should be scientific teaching roles depending on a deep knowledge and participating in knowledge in a variety of ways. From the perspective of the sociology of knowledge, according to Eph · Znaniecki＇ s role classification, university teachers participate in knowledge in three ways： teaching, learning and researching. Teaching, learning and researching are relative but different ways of participating in knowledge. State they are relative because itshows teaching can promote learning, learning can promote researching, researching can also promote learning and teaching. The homochromous interaction of teaching, leaming and researching, knowledge is in constant state of development and generation.

A Study on Socratic Questioning Technique Based on Teachers＇ Narrative Research

Interaction is an important standard to detect teachers＇ teaching quality and effect in college English classroom teaching and is the most eagerly expected by all English teachers. During the process of classroom teaching, bad interaction or failure of interaction often makes teachers frustrated. One of the major reasons is that they ask improper questions in class. The purpose of this paper focuses on the skills of raising effective questions by teachers in order to produce good interaction from students. The method to achieve this purpose is by introducing Socratic Questioning method, which is showed by teachers＇ narrative research based on the author＇s own real classroom teaching with detailed explanation. The result of the experiment shows that Socratic Questioning method is not only a good example of effective questioning but also produces sufficient interaction between teacher-to-students and students-to-students. Generally speaking, this paper expects to have contribution to the effect of interaction so as to help more college English teachers have more excellent classroom teaching.

English Teachers＇ Classroom Verbal Strategy in the Dialogue Teaching

The core of dialogue teaching is dialogue. The dialogue here refers to the way in which the teachers and students based on mutual respect, trust and equal position carry on the two-way communication and mutual learning through conversation and listening. One of the marked differences between dialogue teaching and traditional teaching is that dialogue teaching highlights the essence of the teaching process of communication and cooperation. At the same time dialogue teaching is based on students＇ psychological demand, which makes the teaching full of strong emotion. Using the dialogue teaching as the background, this paper mainly provides the guiding principles and practical advice for the teachers＇ classroom language strategies so as to achieve more effective teaching effect.

How to Let the Students Communicate in the Classroom

the teacher themselves. The teacher are too fastidious and stringent which will make the class become a battlefield. Everyone is afraid of speaking during the class. And furthermore, the way which the teacher uses to communicate with student is not suitable. As a common sense, communication is art art, so we should choose the right way to communicate with the child. Furthermore, we need to put more focus on the communication way of teachers, and find out how to let the students communicate in the class. In this short essay, I try to propose some measures to the teacher on this topic of communication in the class.

Language Structure and Social Situation： Developing Communicative Strategies for the Nigerian Teacher of English

Defining knowledge and extent of communicative competence in the Nigerian, teacher of English underlies the ability of the teacher to engage adequately in ＂can do＂ statements which describe communicative competence in an ESL （English as a second language） communication situation. Therefore, in the skills of reading, writing, listening, interactive speaking, and in the spoken production of giving a speech or presentation, should fall the teacher＇s （and by extension, his students＇） competencies--linguistic, sociolinguistic, and pragmatic. This paper examines the successful classroom communication of the Nigerian teacher of English which depends on his ability to manipulate the structures of English accurately, as well as to be able to use this knowledge in different social situations especially for the practice of impartation of knowledge. This paper postulates on the teaching of communicative competence, as it brings teachers to terms with the task of preparing students for their new role in the classroom And, the research recommends strategies to enhance the communicative competence of the Nigerian teacher for effective classroom teaching of English beyond the traditional ESL concems.

Workshop on how to create a learner-centered classroom

Based on the literature review on learner-centered classroom, this essay is to explore now to create a learner-centered classroom in Chinese context so as to design a workshop for those teaching professionals all over China to create a learner-centered classroom. The workshop conducted mainly focuses on what is a learner-centered classroom, why and how to create a learner-centered classroom, meanwhile, it aims at helping the participants work out a practical framework which can be eventually put to their everyday teaching.