生物炭和园林废弃堆腐物对设施蔬菜的影响:Ⅰ土壤理化性质及产量

以生物炭(BIC)和园林废弃堆腐物(GWC)为研究对象,设置快菜田间小区试验,比较了不同添加量对设施蔬菜土壤理化性质及产量的影响。结果表明:BIC和GWC都显著降低了土壤容重(4.29%~10.71%),增加了CEC、交换性Ca2+和土壤硝态氮含量,增幅分别为13.40%~19.62%、30.22%~56.89%和154.95%~628.76%;BIC显著增加了表层土壤的质量含水量和贮水量(3.36%~9.52%),降低了交换性Na+、ESP和SAR的含量,降幅分别为4.53%~12.48%、18.24%~23.58%和18.82%~27.56%;GWC对Mg2+升高起主要作用,升幅为7.94%~17.06%;两种材料的添加均显著增加了设施蔬菜产量,GWC 5 t·hm-2+BIC 15 t·hm-2的处理和单施BIC 10 t·hm-2的处理,分别比对照增产23.05%和19.78%,且对土壤理化性状改良效果显著,适宜在京郊设施菜地应用。

延安市区生活垃圾可堆腐物中的重金属污染分析

对延安市区生活垃圾可堆腐物中的重金属元素Pb、Cr、Cd、Hg、As的含量进行了为期1年的监测研究,得到上述元素在不同采样时间的含量,并与各类标准相对比,通过分析重金属元素的污染程度及其含量的变化趋势,计算出各个元素的等标污染负荷比,得出不同采样时间的主要污染物,并分析了污染元素的主要来源。结果表明,延安市区生活垃圾可堆腐物中的重金属元素Pb、Cr、Cd、Hg、As的污染轻微,其中,Pb和Cd是主要的污染元素;可堆腐物中的塑料和纸类碎片以及粘附的尘土可能是污染的主要来源。建议将对可堆腐物的堆肥处理作为其他处理方式的必要环节,以生产优质的精堆肥。

园林废弃物堆腐产品在花卉基质栽培中的应用研究

【目的】研究由广东地区园林废弃物堆腐产品组成的基质对花卉生长的影响,探讨堆腐产品作为园林植物栽培基质的可能性。【方法】测定由不同比例堆腐物组成基质的理化性质及其对非洲凤仙和矮牵牛两种草花生长特性的影响。【结果】园林废弃物堆腐产品组成的基质容重低、总孔隙度高、有机质和氮、磷、钾元素含量高,其中堆腐物中的有效氮磷钾分别为686.80、453.20、10120.90 mg/kg,是较为理想的花卉栽培基质。堆腐物组成的基质可促进非洲凤仙和矮牵牛根系生长,提高地上部叶片的叶绿素含量,促进叶片生长,并且促进花枝分蘖,增加植株冠幅和株高,从而提高干鲜质量和开花数。隶属函数法分析发现,最适合非洲凤仙生长的基质为纯堆腐物组成的基质,函数值为0.73;最适合矮牵牛生长的基质为市售栽培基质∶堆腐物7∶3的基质,其函数值达到0.97。【结论】园林废弃物堆腐产品组成的基质可作为非洲凤仙和矮牵牛两种草花的栽培基质组分。

二级分类模式下天津市城乡生活垃圾的分类特征研究

为了研究生活垃圾二级分类模式对垃圾产生特征的影响,以天津市区和西青区水高庄村共310户城乡居民为研究对象,依托已经建立的生活垃圾二级分类模式,将生活垃圾分为可堆腐物、可回收物和有毒有害物3类,重点调查居民生活垃圾的产生强度及分类特征,对城乡居民生活垃圾的产生特点进行比较,并分析生活垃圾的产生强度与经济、文化等因素的关系。结果表明,城市生活垃圾平均产生强度为423.08 g/(d·人),农村生活垃圾平均产生强度为629.89 g/(d·人);可堆腐物产生强度城乡之间呈现显著差异(P=0.00002),可回收物和有毒有害物的产生强度城乡之间未呈现显著差异,分别为P=0.471和P=0.099。二级分类模式是有效的生活垃圾源头分类模式,对垃圾减量处理起到积极的作用。

Researches on Classification Features of Rural and Urban Domestic Waste in Tianjin City Under Secondary Classification Mode

In order to investigate the influence of secondary classification mode on waste generation features, this study classified domestic waste generated by 310 rural and urban households at urban areas and Shuigaozhuang Village of Xiqing District into 3 groups： compostable materials, recyclable materials and toxics on the basis of the constructed secondary classification mode of domestic waste. The study focused on waste generation strength and classification features, compared the waste generation features between rural and urban residents, and analyzed the re- lation between waste generation strength and economic and cultural factors. The re- sults indicated that the average generation speed of urban domestic waste was 423.08 g/（d.capita）, and that of rural domestic waste was 629.89 g/（d.capita）, there was significant difference between rural and urban compost generation strength （P= 0.00002）, while the generation strength of recyclable materials and toxics between rural and urban areas had no significant difference （P=0.471 and P=0.099, respec- tively）. Secondary classification mode is an effective source classification mode for domestic wastes and has positive effects on waste reduction and treatment.

Fluorescence spectroscopy characteristics of humic acid by inoculating white-rot fungus during different phases of agricultural waste composting

The white-rot fungus, Phanerochaete chrysosporium (P. chrysosporium), was inoculated during different phases of agricultural waste composting, and its effect on the fluorescence spectroscopy characteristics of humic acid (HA) was studied. The results show that the emission spectra have a sharp peak at 400 nm and a broad shoulder with the maximum centered at 460 nm. The excitation spectra have two peaks and exhibit red shift (shift to longer wavelengths) at 470 nm. The synchronous scan spectra present a number of peaks and shoulders, and the peaks at shorter wavelengths disappear gradually and form a shoulder. At the final stage of composting, the fluorescence spectra have similar shapes, but the fluorescence intensities decrease. P. chrysosporium increases the degree of aromatization and polymerization of HA when it is inoculated during the second fermentation phase, while it does not produce an obvious change on the humification degree of HA when it is inoculated during the first fermentation phase. Compared with the fluorescence spectroscopy characteristics of HA from soil, the structure of HA from compost is simpler and the activity is higher.

Characterization of Compost and Soil Humic Substances by Fluorescence Spectroscopy

Quality of soil humic substances and compost quality was assessed using different techniques of fluorescence spectroscopy. Emission, excitation, synchronous and emission-excitation matrix help us to characterize different fluorophores in humic substances molecule. Content of stabile carbon forms in soil was assessed by humic substances fractionation. Content of labile water extractable carbon and nitrogen was determined by analyzer Shimadzu TOC-VCSH with chemo-luminescent detection in infrared spectral region. Results showed that compost amendment caused changes in both stabile （recalcitrant） and labile carbon content. Humic substances isolated from compost consist mainly of simple structural components of wide molecular heterogeneity and low molecular weight. Humification degree and content of conjugated fluorophores in compost was lower compared with stabile soil humic substances. The last contained more conjugated aromatic π-electron systems with electron-withdrawing functional groups, which are responsible for the fluorescence shift to lower energy levels or longer wavelengths.