两万年来岷江汶川古堰塞湖事件研究

位于构造活动频繁的高山峡谷地区,常发生滑坡堵江,进而形成堰塞湖。堰塞湖对河流自然演化及人类文明发展均有着重要影响,非稳态堰塞湖形成蓄水后往往进一步溃决引发特大洪水,致使下游河道严重冲刷并导致大规模基础设施破坏,而稳态堰塞湖会抬高上游侵蚀基准面,抑制上游河床下切,改变河流纵剖面形态。对于古堰塞湖事件的研究不仅可以更好地理解现代堰塞湖灾害,也可指示地质历史上的极端气候事件与构造运动事件。经野外考察,在青藏高原东缘,岷江上游汶川芤山发现古堰塞坝残留体,以及对应的上游湖相沉积物和下游溃坝特大洪水沉积物,标志着堰塞湖形成—稳定—溃决过程。研究表明,该堰塞湖形成于1.4万年前,初期发生小部分漫顶溃决,后稳定存在近万年,由于地震作用,距今3.8~6.9 ka间溃决消失。深入研究这类地区古堰塞湖形成与溃决,对该地区河流地貌演化研究、现代堰塞湖风险、特大滑坡灾害链防治和理解古人类文明的发展与消亡,均有着重要的指导意义。

Damming effect on the distribution of mercury in Wujiang River

Seasonal changes in total mercury concentrations in surface water were observed for the Wujiang River, with higher values at the time of greater flow. The total mercury in this river was mostly associated with suspended particles, particulate mercury accounting for 84% of the total mercury flux on average during the high flow period, and 52% of the total mercury flux on average in the low flow period. Significant losses of Hg from the water were observed in the downstreams of the reservoir. In addition, the concentrations of particulate mercury in the downstreams of reservoir appeared to have been enhanced by sediment re-suspension and shoreline erosion caused by flood discharge, while the filtered portion decreased. These observations suggested that reservoirs played an important role in controlling the transport and fate of mercury in the Wujiang River.