放电等离子烧结制备的具有塑性变形性的Fe-6.5%(质量)Si复合材料

利用放电等离子烧结技术制备具有塑性变形性能的Fe-6．5％（质量）Si复合材料。首先利用机械合金化技术制备具有包覆结构的Fe-Si复合粉，然后将这种复合粉在400-700℃下进行放电等离子烧结。用电子探针对烧结块体及轧制后的片材进行微观分析。结果表明，所制备的Fe-6．5％（质量）Si复合材料保持了复合粉的原始特性，具有良好的塑性变形性能。这种复合材料可以在室温轧制成片材。

Mg-10Gd-3Y-0.5Zr合金在压缩变形中的滑移系激活规律和塑性变形不均匀性

为了定量和统计地了解高性能铸造Mg-10Gd-3Y-0.5Zr(质量分数,%,GW103)合金在室温单轴压缩变形中滑移系的激活规律和塑性变形不均匀性,对时效状态的该合金进行详细的滑移迹线分析和基于取向差的电子背散射衍射(EBSD)分析。在2%塑性应变后,根据鉴别的滑移迹线的相对比例,激活的滑移模式首先为基面滑移(73.3%),其次是柱面滑移(15.8%),然后是二级角锥面滑移(6.9%),最后是一级角锥面滑移(4%)。尽管大多数激活的滑移系表现出较大的施密特因子(m)值(>0.3),但值得注意的是,一些硬取向(m<0.1)的滑移系也被激活。对于大多数表现出极大几何必需位错(GND)密度的晶界,至少满足以下条件之一:晶界取向差角(GBMA)较大;相邻晶粒间特定滑移模式m_(max)之差较大。晶粒的塑性变形不均匀性(GND密度的大小/分布)与是否能观察到滑移迹线无关。晶内取向分布(GOS)和/或平均GND密度与m_(max)(对于特定滑移模式)没有明显的相关性。

无间隙原子钢高压扭转过程中塑性变形的滞后性研究

采用DEFORM-3D有限元分析软件,对无间隙原子钢(IF钢)在高压扭转(HPT)中的扭转阶段大塑性变形(SPD)过程进行模拟仿真,通过分析试样的等效应变分布,得到了IF钢在不同剖面的变形滞后性特征.结果表明,在扭转的前期阶段(不大于2周),IF钢试样表现出大塑性变形的滞后性:试样边缘的等效应变值明显高于心部,且沿径向由边缘到心部数值逐渐变小;与试样的上表面相比,下表面的等效应变明显较高,边缘大塑性变形区域较大,并且随着旋转角度、距心部距离的增加,上表面大塑性变形的滞后性越来越明显.这说明在扭转的前期阶段,试样的中心部及上表面的塑性变形相对滞后,并对其原因进行了初步分析,这与其下模旋转及表面摩擦密切相关,理论分析、显微组织及硬度检测结果均验证了该模拟结果的可靠性.

Microstructural evolution and deformation mechanisms of superplastic aluminium alloys:A review

Aluminium alloy is one of the earliest and most widely used superplastic materials.The objective of this work is to review the scientific advances in superplastic Al alloys.Particularly,the emphasis is placed on the microstructural evolution and deformation mechanisms of Al alloys during superplastic deformation.The evolution of grain structure,texture,secondary phase,and cavities during superplastic flow in typical superplastic Al alloys is discussed in detail.The quantitative evaluation of different deformation mechanisms based on the focus ion beam(FIB)-assisted surface study provides new insights into the superplasticity of Al alloys.The main features,such as grain boundary sliding,intragranular dislocation slip,and diffusion creep can be observed intuitively and analyzed quantitatively.This study provides some reference for the research of superplastic deformation mechanism and the development of superplastic Al alloys.

Plastic yielding of NiTi shape memory alloy under local canning compression

As a new attempt, local canning compression was applied in order to implement large plastic deformation of nickel-titanium shape memory alloy （NiTi SMA） at room temperature. The plastic mechanics of local canning compression of NiTi SMA was analyzed according to the slab method as the well as plastic yield criterion. Transmission electron microscopy （TEM）, high resolution transmission electron microscopy （HRTEM） and scanning electron microscopy （SEM） were used to study the microstructural evolution as well as deformation behavior of NiTi samples under local canning compression. Increasing the hydrostatic pressure with the increase in the outer diameters of the steel cans is responsible for suppressing the initiation and growth of the micro-cracks, which contributes to enhancing the plasticity ofNiTi SMA and avoiding the occurrence of brittle fracture. Plastic deformation of NiTi SMA under a three-dimensional compressive stress state meets von-Mises yield criterion at the true strains ranging from about 0.15 to 0.50, while in the case of larger plastic strain, von-Mises yield criterion is unable to be met since the amorphous phase arises in the deformed NiTi sample.

Microstructure and mechanical properties of AZ61 magnesium alloy prepared by repetitive upsetting-extrusion

The process of repetitive upsetting-extrusion （RUE） was used to achieve severe plastic deformation （SPD） for an as-cast AZ61 magnesium alloy in temperature range of 285-380 ℃. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the as-cast and RUE processed AZ61 alloys were investigated. The results indicated that homogeneous fine-grained structure with mean grain size of 3.5 μm was obtained as the accumulated true strain in the axial direction increased to 4.28 after three RUE passes at 285 ℃. The dominant reason of grain refinement was considered the dynamic recrystallization induced by strain localization. It was also found that the microstructural evolution was affected by temperature and accumulated deformation. The mechanical properties of RUE processed AZ61 alloys were significantly improved owing to grain refinement. Furthermore, the relationship between deformation parameters and mechanical properties of AZ61 alloy prepared by RUE processing was revealed by tensile tests carried out at room temperature.

Viscoplastic friction and microstructural evolution behavior of laser-clad Co-Cr-Ni-Mo coating

The viscoplastic friction and nanostructure formation mechanism of laser-clad Co-based coating were studied by rotary friction between laser-clad Co-Cr-Ni-Mo coating and WC-Co rod.The friction coefficient,friction interface temperature and axial displacement—time curves during rotary friction process were measured.The results showed that all the curves firstly experienced rising stage and then steady stage.The rising stage corresponded to sliding friction while the steady stage corresponded to viscoplastic friction.After viscoplastic friction processing,three typical zones of viscoplastic deformation zone,thermo-mechanically affected zone,and original laser-clad zone can be observed successively from the friction surface to the interior.The viscoplastic deformation significantly crushed the network M23C7 phase in original laser-clad zone and made it dispersively distributed with equiaxial shape and in nano-scale.The viscoplastic zone,in width of 37-131 μm,is mainly characterized by refined M23C7 and α-Co phase with grain size bellow 50 nm,and even a small quantity of amorphous.Thus,the hardness of viscoplastic zone about HV997 was improved compared with the hardness of original laser-clad zone about HV600.

Static cyclic-loading test on new type of rigid connection of steel girder and reinforced concrete pier

A new type of rigid connection of steel girder and reinforced concrete pier of a bridge is proposed. The components in rigid connection are installed by high strength bolts on the spot, which are very convenient in construction. The moment from superstructure can be effectively transferred to substructure, and the plates provided for shear transferring can withstand the majority of total horizontal force. With static cyclic loading test, useful experimental data is obtained on the new type of connection of steel superstructure and concrete substructure. As a result, the stress transfer mechanism of the rigid connection can be made clearly and the seismic performance of this structure can also be clarified. Compared computed strength and ductility with actual results, it can be found that this type of connection has good energy absorption capacity in spite of large displacement and no local buckling arises at the locations where stress concentration occurs. Because of doing away with the expensive bearing, this new type of composite structure can be expected to construct a bridge with high seismic resistant capacity thus saving in total construction cost.

Failure mechanism of as-cast Mg-6Zn-2Er alloy during tensile test at room temperature

Tensile test of the as-cast Mg-6Zn-2Er alloy was conducted at room temperature. The results indicate that the alloy is inclined to failure when the strain reaches 5.6%. The coarse secondary phases are responsible for the failure, especially for the Mg3Zn3Er2 phase （W-phase）. It is indicated that the existence of the W-phase activates the stress concentrations due to the incapacity of W-phase for the load transfer, which results in the void at the inner of the W-phase. In comparison, the interface between the matrix and the secondary phase is stable. In conclusion, the characters of the secondary phases with respect to size, distribution, morphology and type, play an important role in the plastic deformation behavior of the alloy.

Effects of plastic deformation on precipitation behavior and tensile fracture behavior of Mg-Gd-Y-Zr alloy

The effects of plastic deformation on precipitation behavior and tensile fracture behavior of Mg-10Gd-3Y-0.6Zr alloy were investigated.The results indicate that more precipitation cores can be provided by the crystal defects caused by the plastic deformation,as well as increasing the amount of β＇ phases,and the formation of precipitations at grain boundaries and interfaces between the twins and matrix.Because of an increase in precipitations,the dislocation slipping during deformation process is effectively hindered and the matrix is strengthened,especially for the 2% deformed alloy which can achieve a good combination of strength and ductility.With increasing the plastic deformation,the microcracks occur at the interface between grain boundary precipitations and matrix,and then propagate intergranularly.When intergranular fracture combines with the formation of smoothing facets on the fracture surface,the tensile properties decrease.

Grain statistics effect on deformation behavior in asymmetric rolling of pure copper foil by crystal plasticity finite element model

The grain statistics effect was investigated through asymmetric rolling of pure copper foil by a realistic polycrystalline aggregates model and crystal plasticity element finite model.A polycrystalline aggregate model was generated and a crystal plasticity-based finite element model was developed for each grain and the specimen as a whole.The crystal plasticity model itself is rate dependent and accounts for local dissipative hardening effects and the original orientation of each grain was generated based on the orientation distribution function（ODF）.The deformation behaviors,including inhomogeneous material flow,decrease of contact press and roll force with the increase of grain size for the constant size of specimens,were studied.It is revealed that when the specimens are composed of only a few grains across thickness,the grains with different sizes,shapes and orientations are unevenly distributed in the specimen and each grain plays a significant role in micro-scale plastic deformation and leads to inhomogeneous deformation and the scatter of experimental and simulation results.The slip system activity was examined and the predicted results are consistent with the surface layer model.The slip band is strictly influenced by the misorientation of neighbor grain with consideration of slip system activity.Furthermore,it is found that the decrease of roll force and the most active of slip system in surface grains are caused by the increase of free surface grain effect when the grain size is increased.The results of the physical experiment and simulation provide a basic understanding of micro-scaled plastic deformation behavior in asymmetric foil rolling.

Numerical simulation of ductile fracture behavior for aluminum alloy sheet under cyclic plastic deformation

A numerical analysis of mechanical behavior of aluminum alloy sheet under cyclic plastic deformation was investigated.Forming limit at fracture was derived from Cockcroft-Latham ductile damage criterion.The strain path of bending center of incremental roller hemming could be accepted as a kind of plane strain bending deformation process.Incremental rope roller hemming could be used to alleviate ductile fracture behavior by changing the stress state of the hemming-effected area.SEM observation on the fracture surface indicates that cyclic plastic deformation affects ductile fracture mechanism.

Study on mechanical properties of composite materials by in-situ tensile test

The mechanical properties of the SiC fiber-reinforced Mg-Al metal matrix composite materials have been studied on internal microstructure by (scanning electron microscopy) SEM in-situ tensile test. The emergence and propagation of the crack, and the fracture behavior in materials have been observed and studied. It is found that in the case of the tensile test, the crack emerged in SiC fiber initially. In the case of the strong cohesion of the fiber-metal interface, the crack propagated in the fiber, meanwhile the fibers in the neighborhood of the cracked fiber began to crack and the Mg-Al metal deformed plastically, and at last the material fractured. Otherwise the toughness of the materials grows in the case of the lower cohesion of the fiber-metal matrix interface.

Aging behavior and mechanical properties of 6013 aluminum alloy processed by severe plastic deformation

Structural features, aging behavior, precipitation kinetics and mechanical properties of a 6013 Al–Mg–Si aluminum alloy subjected to equal channel angular pressing （ECAP） at different temperatures were comparatively investigated with that in conventional static aging by quantitative X-ray diffraction （XRD） measurements, differential scanning calorimetry （DSC） and tensile tests. Average grain sizes measured by XRD are in the range of 66-112 nm while the average dislocation density is in the range of 1.20×10^14-1.70×10^14 m^-2 in the deformed alloy. The DSC analysis reveals that the precipitation kinetics in the deformed alloy is much faster as compared with the peak-aged sample due to the smaller grains and higher dislocation density developed after ECAP. Both the yield strength （YS） and ultimate tensile strength （UTS） are dramatically increased in all the ECAP samples as compared with the undeformed counterparts. The maximum strength appears in the samples ECAP treated at room temperature and the maximum YS is about 1.6 times that of the statically peak-aged sample. The very high strength in the ECAP alloy is suggested to be related to the grain size strengthening and dislocation strengthening, as well as the precipitation strengthening contributing from the dynamic precipitation during ECAP.

Construction and solution of strain model along thickness of aluminum alloy plate under plastic deformation

A thickness strain model of aluminium alloy plate under plastic deformation,based on thin plate assumption was proposed.It is found that when ratio of stress fractions is constant during in-plane loading,ratios of strain components under various loading conditions are linearly related and these points of ratios form a η-η line.Under these simple loadings,strains in thickness direction can be easily calculated by the η-η line equation without integral and differential work.When the plate is under more complicated loading conditions,the thickness can be computed by the proposed optimization and piecewise calculation model.Validation computations indicate that the relative error of the results of the presented model is less than 0.75% compared with the proven theories and FE simulation.Therefore,the developed model can be applied to engineering calculation,e.g.pre-stretching analysis of aerospace aluminium thick plate,with acceptable accuracy.

Simulation of mechanical behavior of AZ31 magnesium alloy during twin-dominated large plastic deformation

Experiments and visco-plastic self-consistent (VPSC) simulations were used to quantify the amount of twinning and the relationship to stress?strain behavior in a textured Mg?3Al?1Zn plate. Two different compression directions were utilized to favor{1012} extension or{1011} compression twinning.{1012} twins nucleate at the beginning of plastic deformation and grow to consume the parent grains completely. During compression along the normal direction,{1011} twinning and{1011}?{1012} double twinning start at strain of 0.05, and the number of twins increases until rupture, above strain of 0.15.{1011} and{1011}?{1012} twinning also occur during compression along the transverse direction, start at strain of 0.06 and then multiply in grains totally reoriented by{1012} twins. Using suitable parameters, the VPSC model can accurately predict the occurrence of extension, compression and double-twinning as well as the flow stresses and deformed textures. According to VPSC simulations, twinning and slip have the same latent hardening parameters.

Experimental and numerical assessment of energy absorption capacity of thin-walled Al 5083 tube produced by PTCAP process

The energy absorption capacity of the Al5083 thin-walled tube produced by parallel tubular angular pressing(PTCAP) process was evaluated. Also, microstructure, mechanical properties, and anisotropy coefficients were studied in the peripheral and axial directions. Results showed that values of energy absorption decreased with processing pass increasing and the values for the unprocessed, first and second passes were obtained to be 167, 161.4 and 160.7 J, respectively. The differences between the simulation results for the energy absorption values and their experimental values for the unprocessed, the first and the second PTCAP passes samples are about 5%, 10%, and 13%, respectively. The energy absorption capacity was related to the anisotropy coefficient and microstructure. The results demonstrated that grain refinement occurred and ultimate tensile strength(UTS) and microhardness after the first and second PTCAP passes were enhanced, while the increase rate in the first pass was much severer. Also, by applying PTCAP, the deformation modes were altered, such that the deformation mode of the annealed tube was quite symmetrical and circular while for the first and second passes there have been triple and double lobes diamond. The results of the numerical simulation for the deformation mode of the annealed and PTCAPed tubes were consistent with the experimental results. The deformation mode of tubes is dependent on their mechanical properties and variation of the mechanical properties during PTCAP process.

Slip deformation mechanism of α-Zr at 700 °C

Mechanical properties, corrosion behavior and hydrogen absorption of zirconium alloys are related to the texture resulting from prior forming processes. In order to investigate the high temperature deformation behavior of α-Zr, compression tests at 700 ℃, microstructure measurements via EBSD, and visco-plastic self-consistent modeling were performed. Twinning activity was negligible at strain rates ε≤1s^-1. The strain rate sensitivity m=0.17 seemed to be the same for all slip modes. Material parameters were fitted to reproduce the mechanical anisotropy and deformed texture, and were validated by comparing the simulated and measured strain anisotropy. The best-fit simulation showed that at high temperatures prismatic slip was the easiest deformation mode and pyramidal <c+a> was the hardest, but basal slip and pyramidal slip operated easily and in large amount.

Prediction of grain scale plasticity of NiTi shape memory alloy based on crystal plasticity finite element method

Grain scale plasticity of NiTi shape memory alloy(SMA)during uniaxial compression deformation at 400℃was investigated through two-dimensional crystal plasticity finite element simulation and corresponding analysis based on the obtained orientation data.Stress and strain distributions of the deformed NiTi SMA samples confirm that there exhibits a heterogeneous plastic deformation at grain scale.Statistically stored dislocation(SSD)density and geometrically necessary dislocation(GND)density were further used in order to illuminate the microstructure evolution during uniaxial compression.SSD is responsible for sustaining plastic deformation and it increases along with the increase of plastic strain.GND plays an important role in accommodating compatible deformation between individual grains and thus it is correlated with the misorientation between neighboring grains,namely,a high GND density corresponds to large misorientation between grains and a low GND density corresponds to small misorientation between grains.

Effects of axial cyclic loading at constant confining pressures on deformational characteristics of anisotropic argillite

Triaxial cyclic loading tests have been performed to assess the influence of plastic deformation on inelastic deformational properties of anisotropic argillite with bedding planes which is regarded as a kind of transversely isotropic media.Considering argillite's anisotropy and inelastic deformational properties,theoretical formulae for calculating oriented elastic parameters were deduced by the unloading curves,which can be better fitted for the description of its elasticity than loading curves.Test results indicate that with the growth of accumulated plastic,strain,the apparent elastic modulus of argillite decreases in a form of exponential decay function,whereas the apparent Poisson ratio increase in a form of power equation.A ratio of unloading recoverable strain to the total strain increment occurred during a loading cycle is defined to illustrate the characteristic relations between anisotropic coupled elasto-plastic deformation and plastic strain.It is significant to observe that high stress level and plastic history have an inhibiting effect on argillite anisotropy.