对刑法典里“适用本法”与刑事“管辖权”的重新审视

在刑法语境里,刑事管辖权的本义与适用机制,依然与刑事诉讼法完全一致。将刑法第6~9条分别理解并命名为中国刑法之属地管辖权、属人管辖权、保护性管辖权及普遍性管辖权并确立为刑法学通识的知识路径是极其严重的错误,构成一种学科性知识谬误。四种管辖权是专项属于国际公法上在国家之间,就各国主权应当涉及的各项事务——人、事、物及其复杂组合——置于其主权权能所作的规范性制度分配与调节。当作为国际法上独立的政治共同体的国家凭主权获得这些管辖权及其调整对象及要素时,就需要在其国内法体系内,将它们按照不同的法部门予以转化和分置,以实现一国法律对其主权权能项下的各种事务的全覆盖。刑法作为一国国内法的一个部门,仅就其规范效力的实质义项,所涉及的调整对象及范围上,将主权项下的四种管辖权及其要素,予以刑法化,故不能将国际法上专用的管辖权体系及名称,不加任何更新与变换,就进入刑法的规范世界中。任何一国或地区的刑法,都有其效力范围,此效力范围就是经由本国表现为管辖权及其体系的主权权能要素所赋予,且此效力范围也是该主权权能在部门法中的表达及实践机制。因此,主权项下的管辖及其权限,是其国内法效力及其范围的规范基础与源泉。故完全不能将适用刑法与国际法上的管辖权及其体系,以及刑事诉讼法里的刑事管辖权等效。刑法调整的是行为主体的行为,而行为是一个包括多重结构要素及义项的复合体,刑法所设定的行为具有类型化的框架特征,这就需要将其所调整的行为按照组成行为义项的各项单质要素予以分类,并设定相应的分类标准。刑法第6~9条正是基于不同的或单一或复合的分类标准,所设定并表达的归于刑法调整范围内的行为类型。其中第6条是境内行为,第7条是境外行为,第8条是加害行为,第9条是前三类行为之外的,得由刑法调整的其他行为。因此,对刑法此四条的通说解读是一种学科性谬误,其根源在于刑法学人对国际法知识的误读或不解,应当剔除而予更新。

Impact of Tourists'Perceived Value on Behavioral Intention for Mega Events:Analysis of Inbound and Domestic Tourists at Shanghai World Expo

Based on the survey data for 2120 inbound and domestic tourists at the Shanghai World Expo,a structural equation model was constructed for the relationship among tourists' perceived value dimensions,behavioral intention and revisit intention.Additionally,the influence of tourists' perceived value dimensions on the behavioral intention and revisit intention was explored.The results show that the utilitarian value and enjoyment value significantly affect the inbound and domestic tourists' behavioral intention,while the convenience value and aesthetic value have no significant influence.The service value only significantly affects the domestic tourists' behavioral intention,and the aesthetic value only significantly affects the inbound tourists' behavioral intention.The utilitarian value,service value and enjoyment value significantly affect the inbound and domestic tourists' revisit intention,while the convenience value only significantly affects the domestic tourists' revisit intention.The utilitarian value is the primary factor affecting the inbound tourists' behavioral intention and revisit intention,and the perceived price has no significant effect on either inbound or domestic tourists' behavioral intention or revisit intention.The study explores the relationships between tourists' perceived value,behavioral intention and revisit intention,analyzes the divergence and causation,theoretically enriches the research field of tourism geography and behavioral geography,and has great practical significance to the sustainable development of mega events in China,including the further development of the Shanghai World Expo.