考虑空隙压密特征的岩石弹塑性损伤增量本构模型

岩石的变形破坏全过程包括压密–弹性–塑性–损伤多个阶段,现有的基于经典弹塑性理论与损伤力学同时考虑岩石压密变形机制的本构模型研究较少。将岩石抽象为岩石骨架与岩石空隙2部分,依据空隙变形机制计算非线性压密变形,基于Drucker-Prager准则分析塑性变形特性,采用体积变形描述损伤演化规律,在经典弹塑性损伤理论框架下建立岩石压密–弹塑性损伤增量型本构模型及其积分算法。将岩石总变形视为压密、弹性与塑性3个部分,考虑空隙部分无法承受剪力且各方向变形无相互影响的特征,通过应力、应变张量谱分解在主应力方向上计算总应变。数值积分方法为基于Drucker-Prager准则的主应力方向回映算法,采用压密弹性预测方法计算预测应力,以分析迭代步中压密应变增量对总应变增量的影响。压密–弹塑性损伤本构模型与算法充分考虑空隙非线性变形机制与压密变形特性,共涉及压密、弹性、塑性、损伤4类10个参数,适用于长期服役过程中外部环境作用下空隙占比逐渐增加,骨架强度逐渐减小的工程岩体。应用模型研究干湿、冻融循环2种典型外部环境对岩石特性的影响,结果表明模型能够很好地模拟外部作用后工程岩体变形破坏的全过程,具有一定的理论意义与工程价值。

降雨-蒸发条件下土体开裂临界含水率演变规律研究

为研究降雨-蒸发过程中土体裂隙发展演化规律,依托裂土边坡足尺模型试验,测量土体表层含水率,采用图像矢量化技术提取裂隙率,对土体裂隙域及基质域开裂含水率演变规律进行了研究,基于非饱和土水平应变增量本构模型推导并计算了土体基质域临界开裂基质吸力及含水率。研究结果表明,降雨-蒸发过程中土体开裂具有可重复特征,且裂隙率随降雨-蒸发次数增加总体呈增加趋势;土体裂隙域开裂含水率随降雨-蒸发次数增加而增加,基质域与之相反;基质吸力对裂隙的开裂扩展既可有抑制作用,也可产生促进作用;基于均质各向同性非饱和土应变增量本构模型计算得到的土体基质域开裂含水率范围与实测值较为接近,且该模型能较好地解释裂隙域与土体基质域开裂含水率的变化规律。

The Establishment of Measurement Model and Implementation Strategy for Service Productivity

As a key factor of economic growth, productivity has been valued in the academic community. Today, with the rapid development of service industry, the research for service productivity has also attracted wide attention. However, in the service industry, because of its own characteristics and properties, measurement of service productivity could not apply for the traditional productivity measurement methods simply. This research first has put out the constitution model of service productivity, and thus put out the measurement model of service productivity. And explains that service productivity is a function which contains internal efficiency, external efficiency, and capacity efficiency. In service productivity, external efficiency is the key one, internal efficie and capacity efficiency should also be given considerations. Eventually, the strategy of implementing measurement of service productivity have been proposed ncy the