Traditional smoking of fish in Nigeria is often carried out in open and unsanitary environment. In addition, the current process does not result in uniformly smoked fish and uses wood (an increasingly scarce material...Traditional smoking of fish in Nigeria is often carried out in open and unsanitary environment. In addition, the current process does not result in uniformly smoked fish and uses wood (an increasingly scarce material) as heat source. The fish smoking kiln designed and fabricated in this study addresses these problems. The kiln (700 × 800 × 1,500 mm) is made of stainless steel on the inside and mild steel on the outside with glass fiber insulation separating the inside and outside covers. The sample to be smoked is totally enclosed by the kiln with a latchable door provided at one of the sides for placing of samples to be smoked. In addition, the kiln was designed to use waste biomass resource as fuels (sawdust and/or maizecob). Bonga fish (Ethmalosafimbriata) and African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) were used as test samples for the kiln. The temperature of the chamber increased to about 120 ℃ to 160 ℃ when fueled with sawdust and about 150 ℃ to 200 ℃ for maizecob. The total heat transfer resistance through the kiln walls was determined to be 1.0 ℃/W. About 6-8 h was required to smoke-dry 16 kg of fish samples from initial moisture content of 75% to about 25% or 20% moisture level.展开更多
In contrast to astrocytes in mammals, fish astrocytes promote axon regeneration after brain injury and actively participate in the regeneration process. Neurolin, a regeneration-associated, Zn8-1abeled protein, is inv...In contrast to astrocytes in mammals, fish astrocytes promote axon regeneration after brain injury and actively participate in the regeneration process. Neurolin, a regeneration-associated, Zn8-1abeled protein, is involved in the repair of damaged optic nerve in goldfish. At 1 week after unilateral eye injury, the ex- pression of neurolin in the optic nerve and chiasm, and the expression of Pax6 that influences nervous system development in various brain regions in the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were detected. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that the number of Zn8~ cells in the optic nerve head and intraor- bital segment was obviously increased, and the increase in Zn8~ cells was also observed in the proximal and distal parts of injured optic nerve. This suggests that Zn8* astrocytes participate in optic nerve regeneration. ELISA results revealed that Pax6 protein increased obviously at 1 week post-injury. Immunohistochemi- cal staining revealed the appearance of Pax6+ neurogenic niches and a larger number of neural precursor cells, which are mainly from Pax6+ radial glia cells, in the nuclei of the diencephalon and optic tectum of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Taken together, unilateral eye injury can cause optic nerve reaction, and the formation of neurogenic niches is likely a compensation phenomenon during the repair process of optic nerve injury in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).展开更多
The histology of the body wall of the fish parasitic leech, Cystibranchus masstacembeli Rahemo, 1989 collected from freshwater eel, Mastacembelus simach was investigated. The body wall found consists of five layers, n...The histology of the body wall of the fish parasitic leech, Cystibranchus masstacembeli Rahemo, 1989 collected from freshwater eel, Mastacembelus simach was investigated. The body wall found consists of five layers, namely: cuticle, epidermis, dennis, muscle layer and botryoidal tissue. Cuticle is very thin layer, casting was evident in some sections, annulation was also seen in longitudinal sections, some time with sensory structures inside the crypts. Epidermis with hammer-shaped ceils, these cells are broad towards the outer and narrower towards their inner ends. In some sections intensively stained haematoxylin-eosin granules from which neck-like tubes leads with filiform projections outward to open to the exterior by minute apertures. Dermis is thicker than epidermis, with distinct large cells connected by a connective tissue and some muscle fibers, also large vacuoles or empty vesicles were detected which are haemocoelomic capillaries, which along with those situated in the epidermis make a respiratory membrane of this leech. Muscle layer consists of outer circular and inner longitudinal, the later is more abundant and occupies more space than the circular. Botryoidal tissue fills the spaces between body wall and inner intestinal or crop diverticulae, its tissue is composed of more or less rounded cells, more eosinophilic cytoplasm but with dark nuclei, intermingled with small oblique or radial muscle fibers, haemocoelomic spaces were also evident in this layer.展开更多
文摘Traditional smoking of fish in Nigeria is often carried out in open and unsanitary environment. In addition, the current process does not result in uniformly smoked fish and uses wood (an increasingly scarce material) as heat source. The fish smoking kiln designed and fabricated in this study addresses these problems. The kiln (700 × 800 × 1,500 mm) is made of stainless steel on the inside and mild steel on the outside with glass fiber insulation separating the inside and outside covers. The sample to be smoked is totally enclosed by the kiln with a latchable door provided at one of the sides for placing of samples to be smoked. In addition, the kiln was designed to use waste biomass resource as fuels (sawdust and/or maizecob). Bonga fish (Ethmalosafimbriata) and African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) were used as test samples for the kiln. The temperature of the chamber increased to about 120 ℃ to 160 ℃ when fueled with sawdust and about 150 ℃ to 200 ℃ for maizecob. The total heat transfer resistance through the kiln walls was determined to be 1.0 ℃/W. About 6-8 h was required to smoke-dry 16 kg of fish samples from initial moisture content of 75% to about 25% or 20% moisture level.
基金supported by the President of the Russian Federation(grant No.MD-4318.2015.4 to EVP)+2 种基金by the Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences within the Program for Basic Research for 2015–2017(grant No.15-I-6-116 section Ⅲ to AAV and EVP)
文摘In contrast to astrocytes in mammals, fish astrocytes promote axon regeneration after brain injury and actively participate in the regeneration process. Neurolin, a regeneration-associated, Zn8-1abeled protein, is involved in the repair of damaged optic nerve in goldfish. At 1 week after unilateral eye injury, the ex- pression of neurolin in the optic nerve and chiasm, and the expression of Pax6 that influences nervous system development in various brain regions in the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were detected. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that the number of Zn8~ cells in the optic nerve head and intraor- bital segment was obviously increased, and the increase in Zn8~ cells was also observed in the proximal and distal parts of injured optic nerve. This suggests that Zn8* astrocytes participate in optic nerve regeneration. ELISA results revealed that Pax6 protein increased obviously at 1 week post-injury. Immunohistochemi- cal staining revealed the appearance of Pax6+ neurogenic niches and a larger number of neural precursor cells, which are mainly from Pax6+ radial glia cells, in the nuclei of the diencephalon and optic tectum of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Taken together, unilateral eye injury can cause optic nerve reaction, and the formation of neurogenic niches is likely a compensation phenomenon during the repair process of optic nerve injury in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).
文摘The histology of the body wall of the fish parasitic leech, Cystibranchus masstacembeli Rahemo, 1989 collected from freshwater eel, Mastacembelus simach was investigated. The body wall found consists of five layers, namely: cuticle, epidermis, dennis, muscle layer and botryoidal tissue. Cuticle is very thin layer, casting was evident in some sections, annulation was also seen in longitudinal sections, some time with sensory structures inside the crypts. Epidermis with hammer-shaped ceils, these cells are broad towards the outer and narrower towards their inner ends. In some sections intensively stained haematoxylin-eosin granules from which neck-like tubes leads with filiform projections outward to open to the exterior by minute apertures. Dermis is thicker than epidermis, with distinct large cells connected by a connective tissue and some muscle fibers, also large vacuoles or empty vesicles were detected which are haemocoelomic capillaries, which along with those situated in the epidermis make a respiratory membrane of this leech. Muscle layer consists of outer circular and inner longitudinal, the later is more abundant and occupies more space than the circular. Botryoidal tissue fills the spaces between body wall and inner intestinal or crop diverticulae, its tissue is composed of more or less rounded cells, more eosinophilic cytoplasm but with dark nuclei, intermingled with small oblique or radial muscle fibers, haemocoelomic spaces were also evident in this layer.