小流域土壤侵蚀及径流过程自动测量系统的实验应用

流域内降雨-径流-土壤侵蚀过程中不同时空点处流量、流速、泥沙含量的获取是土壤侵蚀机理研究中的难点,其实时、准确测量为侵蚀模拟-预报模型的建立与检验提供必要的数据支持。该文针对这一问题,将量水堰及水位传感器、薄层水流流速测量系统、γ射线泥沙含量测量仪有机组合,构成流域土壤侵蚀过程测量系统。将该系统测量仪器布设于室内小流域模型各沟道出口及沟道内典型点处,在降雨强度25 mm/h,降雨历时5 m in条件下,系统测量的流域出口处流量及泥沙含量变化值与采用手工采样方法测量结果的决定系数R2分别为0.738,0.749,流速误差为8.7%,比较结果显示该系统具有较高的测量精度。在此测量精度范围内,同时测得各沟道口流量及泥沙含量动态变化过程及沟道中典型点处流速。流域内径流过程及径流含沙量的动态测量结果表明将该系统应用到土壤侵蚀动态过程的研究中是可行的。

基于遥感方法的小流域土壤侵蚀研究

探讨了利用遥感技术进行小流域土壤侵蚀计算的方法。应用通用土壤侵蚀方程,借助RS和GIS技术,对模型各参数因子进行精确计算,实现了基于栅格信息的土壤侵蚀计算模型。选择黄河皇甫川五分地沟小流域作为典型研究区,讨论了适宜植被盖度对减小土壤侵蚀模数的影响。

基于3S的玉溪市土壤侵蚀敏感性评价研究

以玉溪市为研究区域,运用GIS软件对影响土壤侵蚀的因子进行叠加分析,获取玉溪市土壤侵蚀敏感性等级分布图,并与土壤侵蚀现状图加以对比,结果显示:发生土壤侵蚀的地区一定是土壤侵蚀的敏感地区,但土壤侵蚀的敏感地区不一定发生土壤侵蚀:森林覆盖量、质量和人为活动是影响土壤侵蚀的主要原因。

滇东北山区坡耕地土壤侵蚀的地形因子

通过在滇东北山区坡耕地上设置１８个不同坡度和坡长的试验小区，并进行连续３年实测，得到本区域土壤侵蚀地形因子（ＬＳ）的定量关系式，据此求得滇东北山区坡耕地土壤侵蚀的坡面地形效应（ＬＳ值）表。

荔枝果园治理措施对侵蚀退化赤红壤理化性质的影响

通过对稻草覆盖和客土措施(Ⅰ和Ⅱ)建立荔枝果园14年后严重侵蚀赤红壤理化性质进行研究。结果表明:①建立荔枝园后,采取措施的果园土壤的物理性质有明显改善,表层土壤容重和结构体破坏率呈措施Ⅰ<措施Ⅱ<对照的变化趋势。措施Ⅰ和措施Ⅱ表层土壤最大持水量分别是对照的1.75倍和1.65倍,措施Ⅰ和Ⅱ>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量分别比对照增加51.88%和42.52%。②措施Ⅰ和措施Ⅱ表层土壤有机质、全N、全P、全K和土壤速效性养分含量明显提高,其中土壤速效K含量增加幅度最大。③利用灰色关联法对土壤肥力进行综合评价,果园不同治理措施土壤物理、化学性质排列顺序为:措施I(1.000)>措施II(0.782)>对照I(0.333),措施I(0.923)>措施II(0.801)>对照I(0.333),表明果园覆草措施是改良侵蚀退化赤红壤的有效途径之一。

金沙江中下游龙川江流域水土流失动态监测和防治决策系统研究

采用基于3S技术的定量遥感方法,对1998年和1999年金沙江一级支流龙川江上游小流域进行了水土流失动态监测和防治决策分析。结果表明:1999年为涝年,侵蚀总量高达869008.97t,强度及其以上侵蚀级别的侵蚀量占总量的86.39%,侵蚀模数平均为7703.87t/km2。1998年为旱年,流失情况较1999年的轻微。1999年中度及其以上侵蚀级别的侵蚀面积占流失总面积的32.41%,而1998年只占26.09%。1999年需要治理和急需治理的面积占侵蚀总面积的15.45%和0.82%,而1998年的治理面积较低。本研究采用的技术在国内具有先进性和快速、准确、经济等优点,在云南山地有广阔的运用推广前景。

解决华北水源不足,提高黄土高原与华北平原农业生产和消除黄河水害的一个关键问题及其试验研究——从北京大屯农业生态系统试验说起

这是我为北京大屯农业生态试验站第一本研究报告写的序文,实际上是借此说明我对根本解决华北上述问题的一些想法,同时也谈了一些综合性科学研究问题。因为报告印刷需要很长时间,故拟略加修改,在本刊发表,请读者指正。黄河与综合性科学还有一些要点,未在文中提到,打算再写一文申述。

Synthesis Analysis of Soil Erosion for Three-River Headwater Region Based on GIS

In this paper,based on the common soil erosion model,the Three-River Headwaters region was select for study object. GIS methods are applied to conduct Semi-quantitative assessment for different types of soil erosion,and some results are concluded. The water erosion occurs in High Mountain and extra-high mountain of Yushu,Nangqian,Banma and Jiuzhi County in the southeast and south of the Three-River Headwaters region. The degree of erosion is prone to topography,precipitation,river and human activity. The freeze-thaw erosion mainly distributes in the northwest of the Three-River Headwaters region. The area of middle and above middle erosion degree accounts for roughly 50%.

The runoff characteristics and harmonic analysis of the soil moisture dynamics in Robinia pseudoacacia stand

Robinia pseudoacacia stands act as a typical ecological protection forest in hilly semi-arid area of China. Two fields of surface runoff were separately set up in R. pseudoacacia stand and its clearcut area in the western Liaoning Province (1850-12225 E, 4024-4234 N) for measuring the characteristics of runoff and sediment as well as soil moisture dynamics. Contractive analysis of the two land types showed that there existed a significant difference in volumes of runoff and sediment between the sites of R. pseudoacacia stand and its clearcut area. The runoff volume and sediment volume in clearcut area were much bigger than those in R. pseudoacacia stand, with an increase amount of 40%-177% for runoff and 180%-400% for sediment. Hydrograph of surface runoff of typical rainfall showed that the peak value of runoff in R. pseudoacacia stand was decreased by 1.0-2.5?0-3m3s-1 compared with that in its clearcut area, and the occurring time of peak value of runoff in R. pseudoacacia stand was 10-20 min later than that in its clearcut area. Harmonic analysis of soil moisture dynamics indicated that the soil moisture in R. pseudoacacia stand was 2.3 % higher than that in clearcut area, and the soil moisture both in R. pseudoacacia stand and its clearcut area could be divided into dry season and humid season and varied periodically with annual rainfall precipitation. It was concluded that R. pseudoacacia stand plays a very important role in storing water, increasing soil moisture, and reducing surface runoff and soil erosion.

Analysis of Land Degradation in Ethiopia and Countermeasures

In Ethiopia soil conservation is primarily meant to improve agriculture production.Therefore,assessment of the existing erosion hazards and classifying the land according to its capability are essential.This paper depicts the land degradation status and causes,through an integrated assessment,and some measures to alleviate the problem are proposed.

略论自然环境的研究内容

自然环境已成为当代《人类生态学》的重要研究课题之一 自然环境包括(1) 自然环境要素,(2) 自然资源,(3) 自然灾害,(4) 环境演变 它们与人类生产活动关系非常密切,本文仅介绍上述四个方面的主要研究内容。

Ration Spatial Characteristics Analysis of Soil Loss Based on GIS and RUSLE in Jinzhou City

Supported by RS technology and GIS technology, the amount of soil loss and soil erosion intensity in Jinzhou City in 2010 were quantitatively evaluated by the modified RUSLE model. The characteristics of the spatial distribution of soil loss in Jinzhou City were analyzed. The results showed that the soil erosion area of Jinzhou City in 2010 was 7 284.87 km2, accounting for 70.72% of the total area of Jinzhou City. The average soil erosion modulus was 18.27 t/（hm2＆#183;a）, belonging to mild erosion. Two slope belts of 15＆#176;-25＆#176; and 6＆#176;-15＆#176; were the main soil erosion re-gions in Jinzhou City. Soil erosion in Jinzhou City was mainly concentrated in the rural residential land and the dry land, and the soil erosion amount of these two land types accounted for 60.97%of the total soil erosion amount in Jinzhou City in 2010. It was suggested that the treatment of these two land types should be strengthened and be main treatment object for soil and water conservation in future. The research could provide scientific basis for the governments to make policies about soil loss.

Study on Soil Erosion Model Under Different Slopes in Southwest Karst Mountain Area

The aim was to further research soil erosion characteristics and accurately predict soil erosion amount in karst areas. Based on field surveys and research achievements available, yellow soils, which are widely distributed, were chosen as test soil samples and slope, rain intensity, vegetation coverage and bare-rock ratio were taken as soil erosion factors. Artificial rain simulation instruments （needle-type） were made use of to simulate correlation of rain intensity, vegetation coverage, and bare-rock ratio with soil erosion quantity. Furthermore, multiple-factor linear regression analysis, stepwise regression analysis and multiple-factor non-linear regression analy- sis were made to establish a multiple-factor formula of soil erosion modulus with dif- ferent slopes and select regression models with high correlation coefficients. The re- sults show that a non-linear regression model reached extremely significant level or significant level （0.692〈FF〈0.988） and linear regression model achieved significant lev- el （0.523〈FF〈0.634）. The effects of erosion modulus changed from decreasing to in- creasing and the erosion factors from high to low were rain intensity, vegetation cov- erage and bare-rock ratio when slope gradient was at 6~, 16~, 26~ and 36~. The mod- el is of high accuracy for predicting gentle slope and abtupt slope, which reveals correlation of erosion modulus with erosion factors in karst areas.

Effect of Soil Erosion on Productivity of Sloping Field in a Micro-plot Experiment

[Objective] This study aimed to explore the effects of soil erosion on the productivity of sloping field. [Method] Through removing of and covering with topsoil in a micro-plot experiment, the effect of soil erosion on productivity of sloping field was studied. [Result] The results showed that there was extremely significantly posi- tive correlation between the thicknesses of covered topsoil with either the yield of maize seeds or the yield of maize stalks, which indicated that the yields of maize seeds and maize stalks decreased extremely significantly with the increase of the amount of surface soil loss caused by erosion on the sloping field. The yields of maize seeds and maize stalks decreased by 29.62% and 24.46% respectively in the treatment with removal of a 15 cm thick layer of mature topsoil in the plow layer; the yields of maize seeds and maize stalks decreased by 17.31% and 20.14% re- spectively in the treatment with removal of a 10 cm thick layer of mature topsoil in the plow layer; the yields of maize seeds and maize stalks decreased by 12.69% and 11.51% respectively in the treatment with removal of a 5 cm thick layer of ma- ture topsoil in the plow layer; the yields of maize seeds and maize stalks increased by 10.00% and 9.35% respectively in the treatment with covering with a 5 cm thick layer of mature topsoil in the plow layer; the yields of maize seeds and maize stalks increased by 15.77% and 16.19% respectively in the treatment with covering with a 10 cm thick layer of mature topsoil in the plow layer; the yields of maize seeds and maize stalks increased by 17.69% and 25.18% respectively in the treat- ment with covering with a 15 cm thick layer of mature topsoil in the plow layer. [Conclusion] This study provides a basis for assessing the effect of soil erosion on sloping field.

Study on Relative Soil and Water Conservation Benefits of Ridge Tillage in Different Terrain Conditions in the Black Soil Area of Northeast China

Ridge tillage, which is a very common and important tillage measure in the black soil area of northeast China, has some soil and water conservation bene- fits, but has little attention. It is very important to explore the spatial distribution of the ridge direction of the arable land and its soil and water conservation benefits in different terrain conditions in the black soil area. So Binxian County of Heilongjiang Province was selected as the study area, and 168 field investigation units were ex- tracted by stratified sampling method and investigated. According to equations of slope gradient factor and slope gradient in ridge direction, and based on the soft- ware of Arcmap, SPSS and Excel, the investigation data of soil and water loss in Binxian County were analyzed and counted, The results show that in plain, hilly and mountainous areas, the average ground slope gradients are 1.92°, 6.20° and 8.27° respectively, and the average slope gradients along ridge direction are 1.33°, 4.52°and 6.45° respectively, which account for about 70%, 73% and 78% of the average ground slope gradients in the same terrain condition; the relative quantities of soil erosion in the present ridge tillage condition account for about 55%, 69% and 67% respectively of that in down-slope ridge tillage conditions, so the present ridge tillage has obviously relative soil and water conservation benefits. Based on these results, the reasons of the present ridge tillage status were analyzed, and some reform measures were proposed. The results could not only help to comprehend the spatial distribution and soil and water conservation benefits of ridge tillage in the black soil area of Northeast China, but also provide scientific references for the layout of local soil and water conservation measures.

Effects of Three-dimensional Structure of Vegetation on Particle Size Distribution and Nutrient Content of Water-eroded Red Soil

Based on the vertical stratification type of vegetation in the 48 plots （15m×15 m） in Hetian Town, Changting County, Fujian Province, this study was conduct ed to determine the overall vegetation fractional coverage （VFC）, litter thickness, soi particle size distribution and nutrient content at different vertical level, analyze the correlations between vegetation characters and soil properties, and compare the dif ferences in the VFC, litter thickness, soil particle size distribution and nutrient con- tent among different erosion degrees and vertical structure types. The result., showed that the VFC and litter thickness were all negatively related to erosion de gree; they were positively related to soil organic matter content, total nitrogen con- tent and total phosphorus content, but not significantly correlated with soil tota potassium content. When the VFC was higher than 50% and litter thickness wa.＇ higher than 20 ram, the water and soil could be effectively conserved; and the plan litter showed better water and soil conservation effect than the upper vegetation o~ canopy layer. In the vertical structure types of different vegetations, the forest-shrub grass, forest-shrub, shrub-grass and pure grass all could promote vegetation growth improve soil structure and maintain soil fertility.

Research Progress of Soil Loss in Karst Areas under the Dual Structure of Southwest China

The research progress of soil loss under the dual structure of southwest karst is systematically studied. The results show that the research of the soil erosion in karst mountainous area started late, and the basic research is lagging. Most of the existing research results focus on the present situation, causes and control measures of surface erosion. The view of underground soil loss in the context of karst diploid structure has been recognized by most scholars. However, limited to the research methods and the lack of observational data, the way of underground soil loss, the amount of loss and its harm are still unclear. Therefore, seeking the necessary technical means to carry out the necessary field observation from the way and process of loss is the focus of the study of soil loss under karst structure in the future.

Degradation of Soil Properties due to Erosion on Sloping Land in Southern Jiangsu Province,China

Soil erosion accelerates soil degradation. Some natural soils and cultivated soils on sloping land in southern Jiangsu Province, China were chosen to study soil degradation associated with erosion. Soil erosion intensity was investigated using the 137Cs tracer method. Soil particle-size distribution, soil organic matter (OM), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) were measured, and the effects of erosion on soil physical and chemical properties were analyzed statistically using SYSTAT8.0. Results indicated that erosion intensity of cultivated soils was greater than that of the natural soils, suggesting that cultivation increased soil loss. Erosion also led to an increase of coarser soil particle proportion, especially in natural soils. In addition, silt was the primary soil particle lost due to erosion. However, in cultivated fields, coarser soil particles over time were attributed not only to soil erosion but also to mechanical eluviation as a result of farming activities. Moreover, erosion caused a decrease in soil OM, TN and TP as well as thinning of the soil layer.

Effect of Different Vegetation Systems on Soil Erosion and Soil Nutrients in Red Soil Region of Southeastern China

The effect of different vegetation systems including bamboo plantation (BP), forest ecosystem (CF),citrus orchard (Ctr) and farmland (FL) on erosion and nutrients of red soil were investigated in hilly region of southeastern China to find effective control measures for soil erosion. The results showed that all the vegetation systems could significantly reduce soil erosion and nutrient losses compared to bare land (Br).The ability of different vegetation systems to conserve soil and water was in the order of Ctr ＞ BP ＞ CF ＞ FL ＞ Br. Vegetation could also improve soil fertility. The soil organic matter, total N and total P contents were much higher in all the vegetation systems than in bare land, especially for the top soils. Vegetation systems improved soil physical properties remarkably. Compared to the bare land, soil organic matter, TP,TK and available K, especially soil microbial biomass C, N and P, increased under all the vegetation covers.However, they were still much lower than expected, thus these biological measurements are still needed to be carried out continuously.

Using ^(137)Cs Tracer Technique to Evaluate Erosion and Deposition of Black Soil in Northeast China

Soil and water losses through erosion have been serious in the black soil region of Northeast China. Therefore, a sloping cultivated land in Songnen Plain was selected as a case study to： 1） determine the ^137Cs reference inventory in the study area; 2） calculate erosion and deposition rates of black soil on different slope locations; 3） conduct a sensitivity analysis of some model parameters; and 4） compare overall outputs using four different models. Three transects were set in the field with five slope locations for each transect, including summit, shoulder-slope, back-slope, foot-slope, and toe-slope. Field measurements and model simulation were used to estimate a bomb-derived ^137Cs reference inventory in the study area. Soil erosion and deposition rates were estimated using four ^137Cs models and percentage of ^137Cs loss/gain. The ^137Cs reference value in the study area was 2 232.8 Bq m^-2 with ^137Cs showing a clear topographic pattern, decreasing from the summit to shoulder-slope, then increasing again at the foot-slope and reaching a maximum at the toe-slope, Predicted soil redistribution rates for different slope locations varied. Among models, the Yang Model （YANG-M） overestimated erosion loss but underestimated deposition. However, the standard mass balance model （MBM1） gave predictions similar to a mass balance model incorporating soil movement by tillage （MBM2）. Sensitivity analysis of the proportion factor and distribution pattern of ^137Cs in the surface layer demonstrated the impact of ^137Cs enrichment on calculation of the soil erosion rate. Factors influencing the redistribution of fallout ^137Cs in landscape should be fully considered as calculating soil redistribution rate using ^137Cs technique.