士流园林兴起及对唐代私家园林发展的影响

私家园林起于汉代,经南北朝的催化发酵,终于在唐代迎来爆发。唐代国力空前强盛,随着封建经济、政治和文化的进一步发展,园林营造也进入了高速发展时期。一方面,私家园林艺术性的提高、造园技法的拓展及造园理念的创新和士人阶层对于园林母本——自然山水的鉴赏意境提升有很大关系;另一方面,唐代“中隐”之风兴盛,相对功利性的社会价值观则催生了士流园林风格的形成。将魏晋山水文化脉络作为理解士流园林发展的线索,以相关历史文献、魏晋山水画、前人研究的唐代典型士流园林复原图为材料,探究唐代士流园林的概貌及特点,认为唐代士流园林的出现,为私家园林的发展产生了“壶中天地”等后世成为成例的范式,石材、园林建筑的引入,丰富了园林的展现形式。从模山范水到有意识延纳山水,造园理念完成了认知上将自然从主体向客体的转变,极大拓展了园林营造的边界。

魏晋山水诗文对士流园林的影响

笔者以魏晋南北时期山水诗文和士流园林相互影响为题,以当时典型的士流园林为例,对当时的时代背景、山水诗文的发展脉络及其代表人物的作品、士流阶层自然美学观的转变以及当时的造园特点进行分析,阐述山水诗文对士流园林造园艺术的深层次影响。

中古士流播迁视域下的家风及其艺术呈现

中古时期家风世德对文士心态和人生经历产生了入骨的影响,尤其是对播迁流寓之中的士流,其作用更为深刻。士流的播迁不仅是指时空地域的转换、家国破亡的裂变,还包括政治斗争中的隐退和出仕、择主而事的荣辱与幻灭。家风世德在其中始终发挥着决定因素,影响着士流的心态和抉择,这些或彰显在行为上或内隐在灵魂深处的家风世德,一有触发的机会,便与文士的艺术表现手段结合起来,形成文学的经典之作。陆机、庾信、谢灵运、潘岳等人的相关诗文都是精彩的范例。

隋唐大运河对唐代私家园林的影响

隋朝是我国历史上运河的大发展时期,大运河本身带来的经济,政治,文化,社会,生态等价值不可估量,这里主叙其对古典园林方面的影响。唐代是古代园林发展的全盛期,尤其是在科举制度影响下的"中隐"思想和士流园林的发展代表了私家园林的新高度,分析了白居易私园受"中隐"思想及运河的作用。故本文主要表达隋唐大运河对唐代私家园林的影响。

Nursing ethics for prevention and control of major infectious disease outbreaks:Chinese expert consensus

Background Major infectious disease has become a serious threat to people’s health worldwide.As the world’s largest healthcare workforce and the core forces fighting against the epidemic,nurses are on the frontline of this battle.A number of ethical issues have given rise to numerous concerns that have largely affected nurses in different ways as they respond to the epidemic.In addition,excessive expectations from people can exert undue pressure,which can easily lead to burnout in nurses.Methods In this consensus,the expert panel method was used to develop and reach a consensus.The members involved in the formation of the consensus included an expert discussion panel and a consensus writing expert group,a methodologist,and four secretaries.After 16 rounds of online expert consultation and two rounds of expert panel meetings,the writing team analyzed and reviewed the 78 amendments suggested by the experts to develop a consensus on nursing ethics for prevention and control of major infectious disease outbreaks based on the ethical vision of life care.Results This expert consensus focuses on five essential domains:the responsibilities and rights of nurses,the nurse-patient relationship,the doctor-nurse relationship,and the relationship between society and nurses throughout the epidemic.Conclusions We hope this consensus can help nurses better understand and respond to the ethical issues and challenges in public health emergencies,and raise reasonable public expectations of the roles and responsibilities of nurses in these situations.

A scoping review of COVID-19-related stress coping resources among nurses

Objective:The entire mental health hazard among the nurses dealing with COVID-19 is just the tip of the iceberg.The goal of this study was to find acceptable and adaptive coping techniques for nurses in order to keep the healthcare system resilient during and after the COVID-19 pandemic.Method:The scoping review search took place from January 2020 to May 2021 published articles,and the results were saved in Endnote software.For data synthesis and review,the Joanna Briggs Institute manual and PRISMA-ScR principles were followed.Following backward and forward screening to exclude redundant,irrelevant,and ineligible studies,13 studies(3,613 nurses)were finally selected for this review.Results:The majorities of participants in these studies were female and had children,and worked in departments of critical care,emergency,and fever clinics.Safety concerns for family or colleagues,as well as a lack of safe working environment,were the primary causes of the mental illness.Professional re-sponsibility attitude,COVID-19 training,workplace safety,team spirit,and a few relaxation activities such as deep breathing,reading books,watching movies,and praying,on the other hand,were found to be beneficial for stress coping among nurses.Conclusion:Mentally fit nurses are more capable and flexible in the face of any life-threatening outbreak,even if it is very contagious.Several coping strategies were found to be effective for nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic,whereas problem-specific intervention trials might yield even better results.We should not delay specific mental health interventions to keep them viable and more efficient during a pandemic battlefield,whereas Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and suicide rates can destroy the entire health care system.

A New Macro Model for Traffic Flow on a Highway with Bus Stop

Based on the difference between the online bus stop and the offline bus stop, two macro models are developed to describe the two types of bus stops. The numerical results show that the two models can qualitatively reproduce some complex phenomena resulted by the two types of bus stops and that the otttine bus stop is more effective than the online bus stop when the initial density is relatively low.

The Impacts of Climate Change on Fitzroy River Basin, Queensland, Australia

An analysis of historical data of Fitzroy River, which lies in the east coast of Australia, reveals that there is an increasing trend in extreme floods and droughts apparently attributable to increased variability of blue and green waters which could be due to climate change. In order to get a better understanding of the impacts of climate change on the water resources of the study area for near future as well as distant future, SWAT （soil and water assessment tool） model was applied. The model is first tested for its suitability in capturing the basin characteristics with available data, and then, forecasts from six GCMs （general circulation model） with about half-a-century lead time to 2046-2064 and about one-century lead time to 2080-2100 are incorporated to evaluate the impacts of climate change under three marker emission scenarios： A2, A1B and B 1. The results showed worsening water resources regime into the future.

The Shroud and the Trope： Representations of Discourse and of the Feminine in Homer＇s Odyssey

Understanding that Homer＇s Odyssey （1998） has a feminine perspective, this paper intends to explore the Greek epic placing queen Penelope as the protagonist, observing, mainly, the narratological shifts in the story grammar, duration and character elaboration. This study also uses Paul Ricoeur＇s The Rule of Metaphor （2008） to analyze the episode of the shroud in Homer＇s Odyssey. Ricoeur sees metaphor in three distinct levels： the level of lexis where he bases himself in the works of Aristotle; the level of phrase in which he recurs to the structuralist linguistician l^mile Benveniste; and the metaphor in the level of discourse, when Ricoeur himself devises an elaborate study of the figure of speech. Penelope＇s weaving can be understood as a representation of discourse and of the feminine. Such analogy transcends the stereotype she is often given and defines a new role for the character in the epic.

Hospital ethical climate associated with the professional quality of life among nurses during the early stage of COVID-19 pandemic inWuhan,China:A cross-sectional study

Objectives:To describe the professional quality of life and explore its associated factors among nurses coming from other areas of China to assist with the anti-epidemic fight inWuhan and especially examine whether the hospital ethical climate was independently associated with nurses’professional quality of life.Methods:A cross-sectional online survey was conducted from March 2020 to April 2020.The nurses working in Wuhan from the other parts of China were the target population.The Professional Quality of Life Scale version 5,the Hospital Ethical Climate Survey,and a basic information sheet were used to collect data.Descriptive statistics,t-test,ANOVA,Pearson correlation,and multiple linear regression analysis were used to analyze the data.Results:In total,236 nurses participated in this study,and 219 valid questionnaires were analyzed.The average age of the participants was 31.2±5.0 years.Most nurses were female(176/219;80.4%)and married(145/219;66.2%).In term of professional quality of life,nurses reported moderate(129/219;58.9%)to high(90/219;41.1%)levels of compassion satisfaction,low(119/219;54.3%)to moderate(100/219;45.7%)levels of burnout,and low(67/219;36.0%)to high(10/219;4.6%)levels of secondary traumatic stress.Regarding hospital ethical climate,nurses reported moderately high hospital ethical climates with an average score of 4.46.After controlling for socio-demographic characteristics,the multiple linear regression models showed that the hospital ethical climate subscale of“relationship with physicians”was independently associated with the compassion satisfaction(b=0.533,P<0.01)and burnout(b=0.237,P<0.05);the hospital ethical climate subscale of“relationship with peers”(b=0.191,P<0.01)was independently associated with the secondary traumatic stress.Conclusions:During the early stage of the pandemic,nurses demonstrated moderate to high level of compassion satisfaction,low to moderate level of burnout,and all nurses experienced secondary traumatic stress.Nurses perceived a high level of hospital ethical climate,and the perceived hospital ethical climate played an important role in promoting nurses’professional quality of life during a lifethreatening infectious disease pandemic.

Mixed traffic flow modeling near Chinese bus stops and its applications

To determine how bus stop design influences mixed traffic operation near Chinese bus stops,a new theoretical method was developed by using additive-conflict-flows procedure.The procedure was extended from homogeneous traffic flow to mixed traffic flow.Based on the procedure and queuing theory,car capacity and speed models were proposed for three types of bus stops including curbside,bus bay and bicycle detour.The effects of various combinations of bus stop type,traffic volume,bus dwell time,and berth number on traffic operations were investigated.The results indicate that traffic volume,bus dwell time and berth number have negative effects on traffic operations for any type of bus stops.For different types of bus stops,at car volumes above approximately 200 vehicles per hour,the bus bay and bicycle detour designs provide more benefits than the curbside design.As traffic volume increases,the benefit firstly increases in uncongested conditions and then decreases in congested conditions.It reaches the maximum at car volumes nearly 1 100 vehicles per hour.The results can be used to aid in the selection of a preferred bus stop design for a given traffic volume in developing countries.

Plotinian Methodology and Hermeneutics： Philosophy or History of Philosophy？

The present paper has a double aim： （1） it attempts to present an aspect of Plotinus＇ philosophical and hermeneutical methodology on the basis of relevant remarks in the treatise ＂On Eternity and Time＂; （2） it seeks to connect this attitude with contemporary methodological questions concerning the relation between philosophy and history of philosophy. After an introduction where it is emphasized that the term ＂Neo-Platonism＂ is of recent coinage, I exploit David Sedley＇s remarks regarding the function of ancient philosophical schools： the quest for the ＂correct＂ interpretation of the school＇s founder as a philosophical enterprise in itself is not an exclusively Neoplatonic characteristic. Nonetheless, the example of Plotinus＇ Enneads III.7, owing to the complexity of its theme, shows that Plotinus does not pay attention only to the Platonic teachings regarding eternity and time, but also to all the other philosophical schools＇ theories, including the Epicurean. The aim is the ascertainment of the truth inherent in them and its apt interpretation. Hence, I follow Steven K. Strange （1950-2009）, who relates the Plotinian methodology to Aristotle＇s endoxic method. After a presentation of similarities and differences between the two philosophers, I conclude that the problematic features posed by several philosophical theories are resolved via an innovative Plotinian reading of Plato. Thus, the non-Platonic theories play a role in the more adequate interpretation of Plato, which is identified with the successful answer to the philosophical problems. This fact makes us wonder as to the best characterization of Plotinus＇ enterprise： philosophy or history of philosophy？ Although the question is somehow anachronistic, Plotinus gives an explicit response in his aforementioned tractate： to the extent that he is interested in solving philosophical problems, rather than compiling a ＂catalogue＂ of past philosophical positions, his enterprise is not historical, but philosophical. Two final corollaries stem from this： （i） to a certain extent, the previous enunciation explains the Neoplatonic reading of Plato; （ii） it teaches us that the difference between philosophizing and a historical treatment of philosophy does not lie only on the content, but also on the manner according to which the interpreter approaches past or contemporary philosophers.

Death of a Salesman, When Tragedy Meets the Modern Man

The most persistent criticism about the play Death of a Salesman （1949） concerns the issue of genre and its constituents： Is it a tragedy？! If yes, to what extend is it a tragedy？ Miller himself considered the play to be the tragedy of the common man, as he presents his idea on tragedy as a genre and his idea of the tragic hero in his essay ＂Tragedy and the Common Man＂ （1942）, but for a group of critics it is not a tragedy but to others and to the author, it is the tragedy of the man who tries to survive in the modern world by using archaic weapons. This paper briefly revisits the Aristotelian tragedy concept and modern theories, and stands on what are tragedy and a tragic hero. It aims at reading Death of a Salesman as a meeting point between （ancient） concept of tragedy with modern man and his way of seeing life, and briefly examines and explores the continuing disagreements among academics and by what criteria this play is a tragedy.

宋代画学考

画学是宋代官方培养绘画人才的专门学校,作为徽宗朝崇宁兴学的组成部分,肩负着政治和艺术的双重责任。画学筹建于崇宁三年(1104)六月,于大观四年(1110)三月裁撤后归入翰林图画局。在办学期间,画学经历了崇宁五年(1106)的波动,并且在大观元年(1107)二月四日正式颁布了制度性文件——《画学令》。《画学令》规范了画学的招生、教育、管理和除官等各个方面。画学客观上提升了画家的社会地位,推动了北宋末年绘画风格的转变,在画史上具有重要意义。

Experiences of civilian nurses in triage during the Iran-Iraq War： An oral history

Purpose： Nurses played a critical role in performing triage during the Iran-lraq War. However, their experiences in triage have not been discussed. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the triage experiences of civilian nurses during the Iran-lraq War. Methods： Oral history method and in-depth interviews were used to collect data to gain the nurses＇ experiences in triage. Results： Four themes were extracted from the data, which were the development of triage, challenging environment to perform triage, development of mobile triage teams, and challenges of triage chemical victims for nurses. Conclusion： Triage is an important skill for nurses to manage critical situations such as disasters and wars. Nurses have to be competent in performing triage. Involvement in critical situations helps the nurses learn and gain more experience on how to manage unexpected events.

Car capacity near bus stops with mixed traffic derived by additive-conflict-flows procedure

To determinate car capacity at bus stops with mixed traffic, a new theoretical approach was developed on the basis of additive-conflict-flows procedure. The procedure was extended from homogeneous traffic flow to mixed traffic flow. The conflicts among cars, buses and bicycles near the stop can be described by the extended procedure. The procedure can be understood more easily than the theory of gap acceptance. Car capacity near the stop is the function of both bus stream and bicycle stream. The proposed model can also analyze the cases of pedestrian effects and limited priority of bicyclists. Numerical results show that the car capacity decreases with the increasing flow rates of other streams. In addition, pedestrian effects and bicyclist's limited priority have negative effects on car capacity near bus stops with mixed traffic flow.

Collecting and Collection： Local Chinese Culture in Robert Morrison＇s Dictionary

Taking the personal experience of Robert Morrison into account, this paper focuses on the rapport between the author and his works. As the first Protestant missionary to China, Robert Morrison endeavored to learn the Chinese language and to collect local cultural information, so as to encyclopedically present his knowledge of Chinese through the language reference books he compiled. This paper examines the range of linguistic registers of the represented examples from Morrison＇s dictionaries, so as to discuss the way in which various registers are combined into the text and how they are related with different social arenas. Placing Morrison＇s works in a wider social and intellectual context, this paper also discusses issues of cultural exchange between China and early nineteenth-century Europe.

Preface In Honor of the 80th Birthday of Professor Ronald Breslow

We are very pleased to have the opportunity to make a ded- ication in this issue to mark the 80th birthday of Dr. Ronald Breslow, S. L. Mitchill Professor of Chemistry and University Professor of Columbia University, USA, and to honor his many contributions to chemistry, education, and China-US scientific exchanges over the years. Three articles by Drs. LIU Lei of Tsinghua University ,