辽朝“进士”称谓考辨

在辽朝科举制度发展演变过程中先后出现了乡贡进士、前乡贡进士、前进士、殿试进士等与"进士"身份相关的称谓。乡贡进士、前乡贡进士指获得礼部贡院科举考试资格而落第的士人;前进士指擢第之后释褐授官之前的进士;殿试进士指殿试合格的进士。

基于AUV垂直面运动控制的状态增减多模型切换

自主水下机器人(autonomous underwater vehicle,AUV)系统垂直面运动具有强耦合性、非线性等特点导致AUV系统垂直面难以精确控制,且其纵倾角需控制在某一阈值内,以保证系统安全。根据以上控制要求与AUV垂直面运动模型特点,提出将其解耦为深度控制子模型与纵倾角控制子模型,构建AUV系统垂直面运动控制模型集,根据模型集所含两子模型特点,提出了状态变量增减的多模型切换的概念。基于切换系统稳定判据——共同Lyapunov函数法,提出了变加权多模型切换策略,实现了切换过程的稳定性,避免了切换过程的抖动问题。多次湖泊试验证明,加权多模型切换策略避免了由于期望深度变化而造成的执行机构饱和、深度和纵倾角超调量过大等问题,且改善了AUV系统深度运动的静动态控制品质。

The City Intelligence Quotient （City IQ） Evaluation System＂ Conception and Evaluation

After a systematic review of 38 current intelligent city evaluation systems （ICESs） from around the world, this research analyzes the secondary and tertiary indicators of these 38 ICESs from the perspec- tives of scale structuring, approaches and indicator selection, and determines their common base. From this base, the fundamentals of the City Intelligence Quotient （City IOD Evaluation System are developed and five dimensions are selected after a clustering analysis. The basic version, City IQ Evaluation System 1.0, involves 275 experts from 14 high-end research institutions, which include the Chinese Academy of Engineering, the National Academy of Science and Engineering （Germany）, the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences, the Planning Management Center of the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of China, and the Development Research Center of the State Council of China. City IQ Evaluation System 2.0 is further developed, with improvements in its universality, openness, and dy- namic adjustment capability. After employing deviation evaluation methods in the IQ assessment, City IQ Evaluation System 3.0 was conceived. The research team has conducted a repeated assessment of 41 intelligent cities around the world using City IQ Evaluation System 3.0. The results have proved that the City IQ Evaluation System, developed on the basis of intelligent life, features more rational indicators selected from data sources that can offer better universality, openness, and dynamics, and is more sen- sitive and precise.

Effects of a nurse-led heart failure clinic on hospital readmission and mortality in Hong Kong

Background Heart failure （HF） is a physically and socially debilitating disease that carries the burden of hospital re-admission and mortality. As an aging society, Hong Kong urgently needs to find ways to reduce the hospital readmission of HF patients. This study evaluates the effects of a nurse-led HF clinic on the hospital readmission and mortality rates among older HF patients in Hong Kong. Methods This study is a retrospective data analysis that compares HF patient in a nurse-led HF clinic in Hong Kong compared with HF patients who did not attend the clinic. The nurses of this clinic provide education on lifestyle modification and symptom monitoring, as well as titrate the medications and measure biochemical markers by following established protocols. This analysis used the socio-demographic and clinical data of HF patients who were aged 〉 65 years old and stayed in the clinic over a six-month period. Results The data of a total of 78 HF patients were included in this data analysis. The mean age of the patients was 77.38 ± 6.80 years. Approximately half of the HF patients were male （51.3%）, almost half were smokers （46.2%）, and the majority received 〈 six years of formal education. Most of the HF patients （87.2%） belonged to classes II and III of the New York Heart Association Functional Classification, with a mean ejection fraction of 47.15± 20.31 mL. The HF patients who attended the clinic （n = 38, 75.13 ± 5.89 years） were significantly younger than those who did not attend the clinic （n = 40, 79.53 ± 6.96 years） （P = 0.04）, and had lower recorded blood pressure. No other statistically significant difference existed between the socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of the two groups. The HF patients who did not attend the nurse-led HF clinic demonstrated a significantly higher risk of hospital readmission [odd ratio （OR）： 7.40; P 〈 0.01] than those who attended after adjusting for the effect of age and blood pressure. In addition, HF patients who attended the clinic had lower mortality （n = 4） than those who did not attend （n = 14）. However, such a difference did not reach statistical significance when the effects of age and blood pressure were adjusted. A signifi- cant reduction in systolic blood pressure IF （2, 94） = 3.39, P = 0.04] and diastolic blood pressure [F （2, 94） = 8.48, P 〈 0.01] was observed among the HF patients who attended the clinic during the six-month period. Conclusions The finding of this study suggests the important role of nurse-led HF clinics in reducing healthcare burden and improving patient outcomes among HF patients in Hong Kong.

Psychometric characteristics of the Reasons for Death Fear Scale among Iranian nurses

Objectives:Death fear is the main subject in thanatology.Several researchers have defined different reasons for fear of death.This study aimed to explore the performance of the Farsi version of the Reasons for Death Fear Scale(RDFS)among a convenience sample of Iranian nurses(n=106).Methods:The nurses were selected by the convenience sampling method and were asked to complete the RDFS,Death Concern Scale,Collett-Lester Fear of Death Scale,Death Anxiety Scale,Death Depression Scale,and Death Obsession Scale.Results:For the RDFS,the Cronbach's a coefficient was 0.90,and the 2-week test-retest reliability was 0.64.The RDFS was correlated at 0.34,0.39,0.50,0.35,and 0.39 to the above-mentioned five scales,indicating its good construct and criterion-related validity.Based on the exploratory factor analysis,the RDFS-identified four factors accounted for 66.20%of the variance and were labeled as"Fear of Pain and Punishment,""Fear of Losing Worldly Involvements,""Religious Transgressions and Failures,"and"Parting from Loved Ones."Conclusions:The RDFS presents good validity and reliability and can be used in clinical and research settings in Iran.

Implementation and evaluation of a pain management core competency education program for surgical nurses

Objective:To investigate the effect of a pain management core competency education program on surgical nurses’pain knowledge and pain management nursing practice behaviors.Methods:An 8-h education program focused on pain management core competency was provided twice in two weeks including the multidimensional nature of pain,pain assessment,pharmacological and nonpharmacological management,and knowledge application was developed and implemented for surgical nurses by a multidisciplinary team.Multimodal teaching approaches such as didactic teaching and vignettes of cases for nurses to discuss were used.The Clinical Pain Knowledge Test(CPKT)was completed by 135 and 107 nurses from 17 surgical wards pre and post-program,respectively.Two hundred and three patients’medical records were randomly sampled according to the number of operations in each ward one week before and in the fifth week after the intervention,respectively.Documentation of patients’postoperative pain management nursing practice behaviors and pain intensity scores were collected.Results:After the intervention,the CPKT scores of nurses significantly increased from 45.6%±12.3%to 54.2%±10.2%(t=5.786,P<0.001).Nurses’postoperative pain management nursing practice improved,with proportion of pain assessment documentation increased from 59.6%(121/203)to 74.9%(152/203)(χ^(2)=10.746,P=0.001),those using pain intensity assessment tools increased from 81.8%(99/121)to 95.4%(145/152)(χ^(2)=13.079,P<0.001),and intramuscular injection of nonopioids decreased from 12.6%(13/103)to 2.7%(3/111)(χ^(2)=7.598,P=0.006).Patients’average worst pain score on the operation day significantly decreased(Z=-2.486,P=0.013),and scores from the first to the third postoperative day also decreased(Z=-2.172,P=0.030).Conclusions:Implementation of a pain management core competency education program for surgical nurses can increase their knowledge of core competencies of pain management,improve selected pain management practices,and decrease patients’postoperative pain intensity.

Universal precaution practice and barriers to compliance among nurses in Aseer public Hospitals, Saudi Arabia

Background:Studies have shown that for every 100 hospitalized patients at any given time,10 in developing,and 7 in the developed countries would eventually develop at least one episode of healthcare associated infections.This highlights the imperativeness of adherence to Universal Precautions(Ups)for prevention of infections.Proper compliance with standard would lead to a decrease in rate of HAI.Aim:The aim of the study is to determine the perception of nurses toward compliance with universal precautions in Aseer region hospitals,Saudi Arabia and factors that may hinder the nurses from complying with those standards.Methods:A cross sectional study was performed.Data collected using validated questionnaire of universal precautions from convenience sample of 302 respondents’nurses across four public hospitals in Aseer region.Analysis was performed through descriptive statistics and chi square tests of association.Results:The overall compliance toward universal precautions among nurses was high at 88%.The results reveal that all constructs that define the actions of the nurses to have a statistically significant association at 99%with the extent to which nurses utilized the universal precautions.Discussion:The results indicate that nursing staff adhere to the universal precautions for prevention of infection.However,the hospitals should solve the main barriers including lack of personal protective clothing,challenges during emergencies,and lack of training on how to use.

Influential factors and correlation analysis of hospital ethical climate and psychological empowerment of ICU nurses

Background and aims:Objective To investigate the current situation of ICU nurses'hospital ethical climate in China and analyze the correlation and influencing factors of hospital ethical climate.In order to provide a new direction and idea for creating the good hospital ethical climate,relieving the nurses'job burnout and stabilizing the nursing team.Methods:A total of 226 ICU nurses from 6 tertiary Tianjin hospitals were selected as subjects,and the Chinese version hospital ethical climate scale and psychological empowerment scale were used for investigation.Results:The gender and labor relationship of ICU nurses affected the perception of nurses'hospital ethical climate;hospital ethical climate and psychological empowerment were positively correlated;stepwise regression analysis showed that labor relationship and psychological empowerment can explain 58.5%variation rate of hospital ethical climate.Conclusion:We should pay attention to the current situation of the hospital ethical climate of ICU nurses.Managers should create a comfortable working environment not only to provide good material conditions for nurses and transfer of right,but also to pay attention to the nurses'mental state and negative impact of ethical issues.Hospital managers should reasonably allocate human resources,establish effective incentive and assessment standards,reasonable reward and punishment system and promotion mechanism.To provide comprehensive learning resources and channels.To improve nurses'awareness of their own professional value.Creating a harmonious and positive hospital ethical climate,reduce the impact of ethical issues on nurses,improve nurses'enthusiasm and satisfaction.

Facing pressure: How should medical students or future doctors do?

On April 1st 2013, HUNG Yang, a medical master student in Fudan University, was poisoned by his roommate, LIN Senhao Unfortunately, HUANG died 15 days later. It＇s quite a shock to the whole society. We have to reconsider our education, and our expectancy to doctors. We have to ask ourselves ＂How to become a qualified doctor？＂Leam to release the pressure from studies and lives; learn to defend ourselves from danger. Is it enough？ No~ Whatever happened, never do harm to others. Medical humanity is the most important thing we should always remember

From Artemisinin to Antimalarial Drugs:A Role Model of Scientific Collaboration——An Interview with Academician CHEN Kaixian on China's First Nobel Prize in Sciences

On December 10,pharmocologist TU Youyou from the China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine was awarded the 2015Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in Stockholm,＂for her discoveries concerning a novel therapy against Malaria＂.As the first Chinese citizen to receive a Nobel Prize in sciences,she has been under the spotlight and her stories celebrated by many.

The Recompositions of Buus＇（1547）RicercariFrom His Libro primo.., in Manuscript P-Cug MM 242 and the Didactic Processes of the Friars of the Santa Cruz Monastery in Coimbra.

The purpose of this articleis to address the presence of seven recomposed ricercari by Jacques Buus in the Music Manuscript 242 from the Library of the University of Coimbra in Portugal （P-Cug MM 242）. These recompositions, probably copied in the third quarter of the 16th century, were made after the previously copied Buus＇s ricercari in Music Manuscript 48 （P-Cug MM 48） of the same library, which were based on the Libro primo de ricercari a quattrovoci, published in Venice in 1547 by Antonio Gardane. In this paper, the author intend to focus in two main aspects of the research done on this subject. The first topic concerns the score-format of both manuscripts 48 ＆ 242, which testify the instrumental activity in mid-sixteenth century Portugal. The author will demonstrate that this format served once, in the Santa Cruz Monastery in Coimbra, as a didactic tool in the teaching of counterpoint through the music of a northern European master such as Jacques Buus. The copies in the manuscripts were never intended to be used as a performing support--they contain many errors of vertical coordination between the voices that make the performance impossible. The second topic focuses on Buus＇ recomposed ricercari, which were the object of many cuts, brief recomposed bridges, newly inserted sections, and written glosa figurations. Through these recompositions, the author will describe the theoretic assimilation of formal processes, of style, mode, counterpoint and performing practice. The achievement of this paper is to offer historic musicology researchers a new perspective about the enormous influence that Buus＇ ricercari from his Libro primo.., had in the learning processes of music composition and in the development of didactic and performing practices in the Santa Cruz Monastery in Coimbra, during the mid-sixteenth century.

Accounting and the ＂Doctor-Manager Relationship＂

The adoption of the ＂new public management＂ in the hospital sector brought about greater presence and power to professional managers in hospitals, thus increasing the risk of conflict in the doctor-manager relationship. Aiming to enrich the discussion on the factors that could be the bases for this conflict and considering the role of accounting, the study presented here corresponds, basically, to what we call ＂content analysis＂ of qualitative studies. The results demonstrate that the Portuguese doctors as the sample studied accept, in essence, the principles of enterprise management and recognize the use of accounting information in the scope of their functions as long as they are called to participate as legitimate actors, and authorities respect their desires to preserve a practice which they consider of quality.

Geriatric nursing competence of clinical nursing staff at different hospital levels in Chongqing,China:A cross-sectional study

Objectives:This study aimed to survey the geriatric nursing competencies of clinical nursing staff in Chongqing City,China,and provide suggestions to enhance these competencies.Methods:This study was conducted in 204 hospitals in Southwest China from December 24,2022 to January 7,2023.The“Geriatric Nursing Competence of Clinical Nurse Investigation Tool”was used to explore factors that influence geriatric nurses’competencies via stratified sampling.The survey was conducted by distributing and collecting questionnaires through the online platform Wenjuanxing.Results:A total of 10,692 nurses answered the questionnaires.Of these questionnaires,9,442 were valid.The total geriatric nursing competence score of the clinical nursing staff was 2.29±0.81,the secondary hospital score was 2.23±0.78,and the tertiary hospital’s overall mean score was 2.33±0.83.The factors that influenced secondary hospitals included the department of medicine,age of nurses and total length of career(P<0.05).The factors that influenced tertiary hospitals included the department of medicine,age of nurses,nurses’professional title,and geriatric practical advanced nurses’certification(P<0.05).Conclusions:Geriatric nursing competence among clinical nursing staff is imbalanced at a lower-middle level and is influenced by various factors.Thefindings highlight the need for further clinical training in geriatric nursing.The training of geriatric nurses should focus on necessary clinical skills and on preparing them to adequately manage comprehensive geriatric syndromes.

宋代大儒魏了翁與瀘州

魏了翁,字華父,邛州蒲江(今四川蒲江)人,南宋著名政治家、理學家。慶元五年(1199)進士,授簽書劍南西川節度判官。歷任國子正、武學博士、試學士院,因反對擅自開邊之議,得罪權臣韓侂胄,改秘書省正字,出知嘉定府。史彌遠當國,力辭召命。起知漢州、眉州。

A first comprehensive evaluation of China's GNSS-R airborne campaign:part Ⅱ—river remote sensing

The Global Navigation Satellite System Reflectometry(GNSS-R) has been proven to be a powerful technique for retrieving geophysical parameters of ocean and land. Airborne GNSS-R is an important experimental platform, because it is not only needed as validation for spaceborne application, but also possesses the advantages to be capable of remote sensing of small and medium scale targets, such as rivers and lakes. This paper presents an overview of China's airborne GNSS-R campaign conducted on May 30, 2014, in Henan. The campaign has two objectives, i.e.:(1) to examine the capability of a GNSS-R payload developed by National Space Science Center,Chinese Academy of Sciences(NSSC, CAS) for airborneobservations and(2) to study the algorithms for soil moisture and river remote sensing, including altimetry and flow velocity measurement. A previous paper has presented results of soil moisture retrieval as part I, and in this paper,initial results of the Yellow River remote sensing are presented as part II. This paper presents the river altimetry results and explores a new potential application of GNSS-R technology, which is used to detect the flow velocity of the river. The river surface height results observed by code delay altimetry method were consistent with the height results of GPS dual-frequency differential positioning altimetry. The GNSS-R altimetry results showed that decimeter level heights were achieved in 1-min sliding average. Comparing with in situ measurements, the GNSSR flow velocity result was reasonable; the error was about0.027 m/s, which indicated the validity and feasibility of using GNSS-R technique to detect river flow velocity.

Patterns of brain injuries associated with maxillofacial fractures and its fate in emergency Egyptian polytrauma patients

Purpose： Maxillofacial injuries are commonly encountered in the practice of emergency medicine. More than 50% of patients with these injuries have multisystem trauma that requires coordinated manage- ment between emergency physicians and surgical specialists in oral and maxillofacial surgery, otolar- yngology, plastic surgery, ophthalmology, and trauma surgery. The aim of this study is to identify the patterns of brain injuries associated with maxillofacial trauma and its outcome. Methods： This descriptive study （cross-sectional） was carried out among 90 polytrauma patients with maxillofacial fractures attending the Emergency Department at Suez Canal university Hospital and fulfilling our inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results： This study demonstrates the relation between type of maxillofacial fracture and type of trau- matic brain injuries in which the majority of patients with epidural hemorrhage presented with mid face fractures （60%）, while the minority of them presented with upper and lower face fractures （20% for each of them）. The majority of patients with subdural hemorrhage were associated with mid face fractures （75%）, the majority of patients with brain contusions associated with mid face fractures （75%）, and all of the patients presented by pneumocephalus were associated with mid face fractures （100%）. Conclusion： The results of this study confirm the value of quick diagnosis and early intervention, which is fundamental to prevent morbidity as well as mortality especially with regards to prevention of traumatic brain injury as even a short duration of hvpoxia and edema will lead to significant permanent neurological deficits.

Profile of Xiyun Yan

Dr.Xiyun Yan obtained her B.S.degree in 1983,from the Henan Medical College,and then studied cell biology in Professor Shizhang Bei’s lab in the Institute of Biophysics,Chinese Academy of Sciences（CAS）until leaving for Germany in 1989.After receiving her medical doctor＇s degree from Heidelberg University in Germany,she joined the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Institute in New York as a postdoctoral research fellow.In 1997,