The teaching of Vocal Music Education in normal universities is a core part of vocal skills training in the system of music education, which has a direct impact on the cultivation of teachers of foundation music educa...The teaching of Vocal Music Education in normal universities is a core part of vocal skills training in the system of music education, which has a direct impact on the cultivation of teachers of foundation music education. There has been a lot of discussion about Vocal Music Teaching or specifically aim at improving the students＇ comprehensive ability, but the number of systematic study which integrates both of the two is little. The training contents of the teaching of Vocal Music Education in normal universities include the features of rich teaching content; instructional mode is composed of classroom teaching, art practice, practice teaching and other diverse forms. The teaching of Vocal Music Education at normal universities can promote the cultivation of the students＇ comprehensive capabilities, including： the cultivation of moral and intellectual, the enhancement of cultural accomplishment, and the cultivation of language competence, connoisseurship and psychological qualities and such non-professional quality; good singing, correct listening and perception ability, good ability of piano accompaniment, and the cultivation and improvement of ability of teaching practice and such professional quality. The author combines the ＂student-centered＂ educational concept to analyze the teaching of Vocal Music at normal universities, hoping to provide some inspiration and help for educators of Vocal Music Teaching.展开更多
Multi-component signals contain multiple signal parts expressed in the same physical modality. One way to identify individual components is if they are produced by different physical mechanisms. Here, I studied the me...Multi-component signals contain multiple signal parts expressed in the same physical modality. One way to identify individual components is if they are produced by different physical mechanisms. Here, I studied the mechanisms generating acoustic signals in the courtship displays of the Calliope hummingbird Stellula calliope. Display dives consisted of three synchronized sound elements, a high-frequency tone （hfl）, a low frequency tone （lft）, and atonal sound pulses （asp）, which were then followed by a frequency-modulated fall. Manipulating any of the rectrices （tail-feathers） of wild males impaired production of the lft and asp but not the hfl or fall, which are apparently vocal. I tested the sound production capabilities of the rectrices in a wind tunnel. Single rectrices could generate the lft but not the asp, whereas multiple rectrices tested together produced sounds sitlfilar to the asp when they fluttered and collided with their neighbors percussively, representing a previously unknown mechanism of sound production. During the shuttle display, a trill is generated by the wings during pulses in which the wingbeat frequency is elevated to 95 Hz, 40% higher than the typical hovering wingbeat frequency. The Calliope hummingbird courtship displays include sounds produced by three independent mechanisms, and thus include a minimum of three acoustic signal components. These acoustic mechanisms have different constraints and thus potentially contain different messages. Producing multiple acoustic signals via multiple mechanisms may be a way to escape the constraints present in any single mechanism .展开更多
文摘The teaching of Vocal Music Education in normal universities is a core part of vocal skills training in the system of music education, which has a direct impact on the cultivation of teachers of foundation music education. There has been a lot of discussion about Vocal Music Teaching or specifically aim at improving the students＇ comprehensive ability, but the number of systematic study which integrates both of the two is little. The training contents of the teaching of Vocal Music Education in normal universities include the features of rich teaching content; instructional mode is composed of classroom teaching, art practice, practice teaching and other diverse forms. The teaching of Vocal Music Education at normal universities can promote the cultivation of the students＇ comprehensive capabilities, including： the cultivation of moral and intellectual, the enhancement of cultural accomplishment, and the cultivation of language competence, connoisseurship and psychological qualities and such non-professional quality; good singing, correct listening and perception ability, good ability of piano accompaniment, and the cultivation and improvement of ability of teaching practice and such professional quality. The author combines the ＂student-centered＂ educational concept to analyze the teaching of Vocal Music at normal universities, hoping to provide some inspiration and help for educators of Vocal Music Teaching.
基金Acknowledgments I thank S. Weinstein, A. Varma, and T. Feo for assistance in the field L. Benedict and T. Libby for use of equipment, J. Brown for accommodations, and G. Weston-Murphy for assistance with the wind tunnel. Walter Nussbaumer kindly allowed use of a photo. The manuscript was improved by comments from T. Feo and two anonymous reviewers. The research was supported by the MVZ and National Science Foundation IOS-090353 to R. Prum.
文摘Multi-component signals contain multiple signal parts expressed in the same physical modality. One way to identify individual components is if they are produced by different physical mechanisms. Here, I studied the mechanisms generating acoustic signals in the courtship displays of the Calliope hummingbird Stellula calliope. Display dives consisted of three synchronized sound elements, a high-frequency tone （hfl）, a low frequency tone （lft）, and atonal sound pulses （asp）, which were then followed by a frequency-modulated fall. Manipulating any of the rectrices （tail-feathers） of wild males impaired production of the lft and asp but not the hfl or fall, which are apparently vocal. I tested the sound production capabilities of the rectrices in a wind tunnel. Single rectrices could generate the lft but not the asp, whereas multiple rectrices tested together produced sounds sitlfilar to the asp when they fluttered and collided with their neighbors percussively, representing a previously unknown mechanism of sound production. During the shuttle display, a trill is generated by the wings during pulses in which the wingbeat frequency is elevated to 95 Hz, 40% higher than the typical hovering wingbeat frequency. The Calliope hummingbird courtship displays include sounds produced by three independent mechanisms, and thus include a minimum of three acoustic signal components. These acoustic mechanisms have different constraints and thus potentially contain different messages. Producing multiple acoustic signals via multiple mechanisms may be a way to escape the constraints present in any single mechanism .
