声气并茂的战争画面——早期史传文学的战争描写

先秦两汉散文以战争为题材的作品,从多个方面展现战场上的声气状态,用以反映参战将士的英雄气概和权谋智慧。鼓声是最重要的描写对象,与此相伴随出现的战争统帅形象,衅鼓习俗还带有神秘性。战场上的歌声、呐喊声、骂声、叱声、噪声,营造出多种多样的氛围,把参战者生命之气的表现形态充分地展现出来。

先秦两汉散文的声气事象

先秦两汉散文经常出现以声观气事象,根据人的声音判断生命力的强弱及其功能属性。有时赋予声音以超验的属性,它可以脱离人的形体而继续存在。周代礼乐文化用理性精神看待声与气之间的关系,强调志的统辖作用。先秦两汉散文所展示的声气形态多种多样,主要有喜剧型、悲剧型、悲喜剧错杂型、悖反型四类。

rwo-phase pore-fluid distribution in fractured media, acoustic wave velocity vs saturation

The acoustic wave velocity varies with fluid saturation and pore-fluid distribution. We use a P-wave source and the staggered grid finite-difference method, with second-order accuracy in time and eighth-order accuracy in space, to simulate the acoustic wave field in a fractured medium that is saturated with a two-phase pore fluid （gas ＆ water）. Further, we analyze the variation of acoustic wave velocity with saturation for different pore-fluid distribution modes. The numerical simulation method is simple and yields accurate results.

Clinical value of liver and spleen shear wave velocity in predicting the prognosis of patients with portal hypertension

AIM To explore the relationship of liver and spleen shear wave velocity in patients with liver cirrhosis combined with portal hypertension,and assess the value of liver and spleen shear wave velocity in predicting the prognosis of patients with portal hypertension.METHODS All 67 patients with liver cirrhosis diagnosed as portal hypertension by hepatic venous pressure gradient in our hospital from June 2014 to December 2014 were enrolled into this study. The baseline information of these patients was recorded. Furthermore,67 patients were followed-up at 20 mo after treatment,and liver and spleen shear wave velocity were measured by acoustic radiation force impulse at the 1^(st) week,3^(rd) month and 9^(th) month after treatment. Patients with favorable prognosis were assigned into the favorable prognosis group,while patients with unfavorable prognosis were assigned into the unfavorable prognosis group. The variation and difference in liver and spleen shear wave velocity in these two groups were analyzed by repeated measurement analysis of variance. Meanwhile,in order to evaluate the effect of liver and spleen shear wave velocity on the prognosis of patients with portal hypertension,Cox's proportional hazard regression model analysis was applied. The ability of those factors in predicting the prognosis of patients with portal hypertension was calculated through receiver operating characteristic(ROC) curves.RESULTS The liver and spleen shear wave velocity in the favorable prognosis group revealed a clear decline,while those in the unfavorable prognosis group revealed an increasing tendency at different time points. Furthermore,liver and spleen shear wave velocity was higher in the unfavorable prognosis group,compared with the favorable prognosis group; the differences were statistically significant(P < 0.05). The prognosis of patients with portal hypertension was significantly affected by spleen hardness at the 3^(rd) month after treatment [relative risk(RR) = 3.481]. At the 9^(th) month after treatment,the prognosis was affected by liver hardness(RR = 5.241) and spleen hardness(RR = 7.829). The differences between these two groups were statistically significant(P < 0.05). The ROC analysis revealed that the area under the curve(AUC) of spleen hardness at the 3^(rd) month after treatment was 0.644,while the AUCs of liver and spleen hardness at the 9^(th) month were 0.579 and 0.776,respectively. These might predict the prognosis of patients with portal hypertension.CONCLUSION Spleen hardness at the 3^(rd) month and liver and spleen shear wave velocity at the 9^(th) month may be used to assess the prognosis of patients with portal hypertension. This is hoped to be used as an indicator of predicting the prognosis of patients with portal hypertension.