嗯，就是这个声音——声音学（Acoustics）对车辆质感的影响

我刚刚到南安普顿航天所的时候．还曾对楼下的Acoustic(声音学)研究所嗤之以鼻。后来才知道原来每家车厂都有专门负责研究新车引擎声浪与车辆噪音的团队，有了他们的努力后，消费者才可以“听起来很爽”。在这里我们将要介绍汽车声浪对销售的重要性，并请到AUDI车厂该部门的负责人Eckhard Peithmann来解释。

词谱发端与明中叶学术--以周瑛《词学筌蹄》为中心

明代周瑛《词学筌蹄》是目前所知最早的具备词谱雏形的著作,此书虽体制简略,但与前代思想、学术密切关联,可从深层揭示词谱起源的社会原因。其文献主要源自洪武本《草堂诗余》,又有独特的版本特征,为明中叶《草堂诗余》改编序列中承前启后的一环。其符号借鉴自北宋邵雍《声音唱和图》,周瑛由此制谱,可视作明中叶等韵、律吕等“声音之学”由冷趋热的缩影。周瑛的格律思想,主要受朱熹逐字仿其平仄的诗法影响,且局限于“词出于古乐府”的文体认识,与后世校勘定律有别。总之,词谱发端的绍继、借鉴、局限诸因素,皆统摄于明中前期理学思想下,而印合于周瑛的地域、学术与填词实践。

“日本”的读法

「日本」这个国名是从什么时候开始的呢?关于这个问题,在学者中有各种各样的说法,但是却绐终没有一个定论.尽管如此,但是圣德太子(574-622年)时期遣隋的史书中即有「日出処ノ天子」,「東ノ天皇」这样的记载,而且从那以后就认为大化改新时期似乎是「日本」这个国名初次制定的时期.为什么会有如此一说呢?是因为传说大化年间,送百济使节的诏书中写有「御宇日本天皇」这样的字样,不过除此之外,在「近江令①」「大宝令②」「養老令③」中,作为外交用语,使用了「日本」为国名,确实是经常可以看到的.

Study of engine noise based on independent component analysis

Independent component analysis was applied to analyze the acoustic signals from diesel engine. First the basic prin-ciple of independent component analysis (ICA) was reviewed. Diesel engine acoustic signal was decomposed into several inde-pendent components (ICs); Fourier transform and continuous wavelet transform (CWT) were applied to analyze the independent components. Different noise sources of the diesel engine were separated, based on the characteristics of different component in time-frequency domain.

Virtual design and performance prediction of a silencing air cleaner used in an I.C.engine intake system

This paper reports results of the authors’ studies on the virtual design method used in the development of low noise intake system of I.C. engine. The resulting high pass-by noise at level above the legislative target at full throttle when engine speed was around 5200 r/min necessitated a BEM-aided redesign task, following the typical process of design and development of an intake system. During the initial design, based on the acoustic theory and the requirements (1. The air flux of the redesigned should equal to or exceed the value of the original flux; 2. The filtering area must not be degraded), and considering the constraint of space in the engine compartment, total volume and rough internal dimensions were determined. During the detailed design, the exact internal dimensions of the air cleaner were determined, and an effective method was applied to improve the acoustic performance at low frequency. The predicted sound power of the intake system indicated that the objective of reducing the overall engine noise by minimizing intake system noise was achieved.

Flux Induced by Multiplicative Dichotomous Noise

The transport of particles induced by multiplicative dichotomous noise for a system is investigated. The stationary probability current is derived. It is shown that, for the system studied by us, the spatial asymmetry is the ingredient for the nonzero stationary current.

An Empirical Formula for Sound Absorption of Fibrous Materials

The sound absorption coefficient(SAC)curves of the nonwovens,fabrics,and thick fibrous layers with the frequency in the range of 125-3 200 Hz and cavity distances of 5 cm,10 cm,20 cm,30 cm and 40 cm were measured.Based on analysis,it is found that the SAC is actually in direct proportion to the relative vibration amplitude of the sound wave,resulting in obtaining a mathematical expression showing that the SAC changes with the frequency for a given material.Additionally,a good corresponding relation between the maximal SAC and the permeability of the materials is discovered,thus an empirical formula is established.As a result,a complete SAC formula has been developed.In this formula,the SAC is solely a function of the sound wave frequency and permeability of the material.In comparison with sound absorption spectra of several materials,the calculated results and results measured with the formula coincide well with each other.

Wave Superposition Based Sound Field Reconstruction

In order to overcome the obstacle of singular integral in boundary element method （BEM）, we presented an efficient sound field reconstruction technique based on the wave superposition method （WSM）. Its principle includes three steps： first, the sound pressure field of an arbitrary shaped radiator is measured with a microphone array; then, the exterior sound field of the radiator is computed backward and forward using the WSM; at last, the final results are visualized in terms of sound pressure contours or animations. With these visualized contours or animations, noise sources can be easily located and quantified; also noise transmission path can be found out. By numerical simulation and experimental results, we proved that the technique are suitable and accurate for sound field reconstruction. In addition, we presented a sound field reconstruction systern prototype on the basis of this technique. It makes a foundation for the application of wave superposition in the sound field reconstruction in industry situations.

Study on Acoustic Modeling in a Mandarin Continuous Speech Recognition

The design of acoustic models is of vital importance to build a reliable connection between acoustic wave-form and linguistic messages in terms of individual speech units. According to the characteristic of Chinese phonemes, the base acoustic phoneme units set is decided and refined and a decision tree based state tying approach is explored. Since one of the advantages of top-down tying method is flexibility in maintaining a balance between model accuracy and complexity, relevant adjustments are conducted, such as the stopping criterion of decision tree node splitting, during which optimal thresholds are captured. Better results are achieved in improving acoustic modeling accuracy as well as minimizing the scale of the model to a trainable extent.

Extracting Acoustic Source Information of Shipping Noise for Dynamic Ambient Noise Modelling

Shipping traffic is one of the largest contributors to anthropogenic noise in the ocean. Noise generated by merchant ships elevates natural occurring ambient noise level by 20-30 dB in many areas of the world＇s ocean. In order to model the contributions of the noise generated by merchant ships to underwater ambient noise level correctly, a database that consists of the source levels as a function of frequency for different types of ships is essential. This paper describes the conceptual design, with an emphasis on the characteristics of shipping noise as sound sources, of a marine noise database. It was developed for providing necessary parameters for underwater ambient noise modelling. The parameters relevant to shipping noise modelling are organized in two catalogues： （l） source-receiver geometry related parameters, namely the coordinates of the ships at a given time period, as well as the sizes/types of the ships from which the noise source depths may be derived, and （2） acoustically relevant parameters, i.e., the acoustic SLs （source levels） at given frequencies. An example is presented here to demonstrate the efficacy of this database. The study area is a 117 × 55 km2 region off the coast of La Spezia, Italy, in the Mediterranean Sea.

Applying sub-band energy extraction to noise cancellation of ultrasonic NDT signal

In ultrasonic non-destructive tests, the echo signal at the flaw is highly complex due to the interference of multiple echoes with random amplitudes and phases, and is disturbed by all kinds of noises, such as thermal noise, digitalization noise, and structure noise. In this paper, the ultrasonic signal was decomposed by empirical mode decomposition (EMD) to obtain the in-trinsic mode function (IMF) components according to ultrasonic defect echo signals occuring at the corresponding time, and the energy of the ultrasonic signal was concentrated. The IMF component selection criterion based on sub-band energy extraction was proposed to extract the ultrasonic signal component accurately and automatically from IMF components. When the selected IMF components were filtered by a band pass filter, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) was enhanced greatly.

Discussion of the importance of the stage art practice in the vocal music teaching

As a special art of the music performances, the vocal music is different from the philosophy and the social sciences, which is reflected not through the theoretical explanation or the theoretical researches, but should reflect the connotation of its own through the form of manifestation of the specific voices. At present, in the vocal music teaching in our country, different teachcrs will carry out the explanation combined with the related theoretical knowledgc and their own experience in the vocal music teaching. In the theoretical teaching, often they will use the related Irainlng methods, and the application of the training methods fully shows the quality of the teaching work, which will often under the influence of the stage art practice. The theoretical teaching is only to impart the theoretical knowledge of the vocal music to the students, but in the aspect of the specific practice, wc will need the support of the stage art practice. In this paper, with the importance of the stage art practice in the vocal music teaching as the research object, based on the analysis of the present situation ofthc vocal music teaching, this paper discusscs the relationship bctween thc stage art practice and the vocal music teaching, and the specific application of the stage practice in the vocal music teaching, and analyzes the importance of the stage art practice in the vocal music teaching, in order to promote the application of the stage art practice in the teaching of the vocal music art, and improve the levels of the vocal music teaching in China.

Mechanization of Hearing in Chao Yuen Ren’s Dialect Research,1927-1936:Senses,Objectivity,and Observation

When scientific research began in early twentieth-century China,a key issue was the acquisition of reliable empirical information through objective and precise observations.This article examines a specific case where a scientist grappled with such an issue:the linguist Chao Yuen Ren’s application of mechanical means in his phonetic studies.In the 1920s–1930s,Chao conducted a series of field and lab studies on the dialects in southern and central China.In contrast to traditional scholars’exclusive reliance on sharp ears and rhyme books,Chao employed mechanical devices to inscribe and analyze the spectrographs of dialectical tones and used phonographs to record the articulations of his subjects.It is demonstrated that Chao’s machines not only provided a new method of observation;they also altered the theoretical understanding of certain fundamental categories in Chinese phonology,such as tones.Moreover,Chao did not aim to replace human perception with automatic mechanisms in empirical investigations.Rather,the use of machines in his research called for an active and engaged scientific persona.

The Profundity Entailed in the Poetic Language： A Stylistic Analysis of W. B. Yeats＇ Leda and the Swan

As a central issue in stylistics, foregrounding, which can be achieved by deviation and overregularity at every linguistic level, can give readers more innovative and ingenious perspective on appreciation of text. W. B. Yeats＇ Leda and the Swan is a poem deserving close reading and attention. The analysis from sound patterning, meter and rhythm, verbal repetition endows the poem with some novel and new aesthetic significance

The Tradition of the Joint Voice Singing in the Context of the Orient Culture （As an example of Margilan Singing School）

The article deals with musical heritage of some Orient cultures, joint singing as one of the main part of music art from ancient time to nowadays. The measure reflecting live process of national musical art is a performing practice. Makom is the most example of Uzbek classical musical heritage. The art of singing plays considerable role in culture of Uzbek national music. On the basis of classical singing the following singing directions as ＂Folk singing＂ （yallachilik）, ＂Classical singing＂ （mumtoz yallachilik）, ＂Grand Song＂ （katta ashulachilik） and ＂Art of Makom＂ singing forms were formulated and developed. Greatest representatives of Margilan School of singing.

Tracing the Holistic Voice in Ecological Space： Exploring Theodore Roszak＇s Ecopsychology in Henri Lefebvre＇s ＂Differential Space＂

The goal of ecopsychology is to awaken the inherent sense of environmental reciprocity that lies within the ecological unconsciousness. Proclaiming the spirit of ecopsychology, Theodore Roszak argues that psychotherapy is an urban movement, but human beings can never heal themselves until they reconnect with nature. Other therapies aim at healing the alienation between person and person, person and family, person and society; ecopsychology intends to heal the more primary alienation between the person and the natural environment. Henri Lefebvre＇s work has revitalized urban studies, geography and planning via concepts like the social production of space. Lefebvre claims that space is not an inert, neutral, and pre-existing given, but rather, an on-going production of spatial relations. According to Lefebvre, space is produced by three types of practice： spatial practices of physical transformation of the environment, practices of representation of space, and everyday practices of representational space. Lefebvre further presents a ＂differential space,＂ named as such for its dialectical resistance to the forces of homogenization present in ＂abstract space.＂ The aim of this paper is to trace the ecological voice from Roszak＇s The Voice of the Earth in Henri Lefebvre＇s ＂differential space.＂ Roszak＇s ecopsychology has formed a differential space, acknowledging that the boundaries of dualism and separations such as mind and body, man and nature should be finally dissolved in terms of ecological sustainability. Within this space, a holistic approach and thinking are created and required to take into account perception of the inextricable relationship between all life and all phenomena.

The Use of Acoustic Quality Assessment in the Management of the Road Noise Reduction Project

The article presents a new approach to the tasks of noise assessment and reduction in the urbanized environment endangered by road noise sources. It was proposed to include the acoustic quality model in the currently applied quantitative noise assessment in the management of urbanized environment. In particular, this model takes into account subjective features of sound quality, i.e.： loudness, sharpness, roughness, and fluctuation strength as well as noise mmoya^ce assessment obtained in laboratory conditions. The proposed way can be used in estimating investment costs of an acoustic barrier at the design stage

Novel Active Learning Method for Speech Recognition

In speech recognition, acoustic modeling always requires tremendous transcribed samples, and the transcription becomes intensively time-consuming and costly. In order to aid this labor-intensive process, Active Learning （AL） is adopted for speech recognition, where only the most informative training samples are selected for manual annotation. In this paper, we propose a novel active learning method for Chinese acoustic modeling, the methods for initial training set selection based on Kullback-Leibler Divergence （KLD） and sample evaluation based on multi-level confusion networks are proposed and adopted in our active learning system, respectively. Our experiments show that our proposed method can achieve satisfying performances.

Learn a rich foreign language research on teaching voice Chinese language of minority

Foreign teaching and Chinese language teaching of minority are two different forms of teaching in nature, both the nature and the system of teaching are different, but in the teaching objectives, content, principles, methods, and therefore there are many similarities, so two studies outcomes can learn from each other. In this paper, with voice teaching as an example, we will talk about foreign language studies in ethnic minority Chinese Teaching. I think, in the teaching program design, the teaching Chinese minorities can learn from the simplified idea of teaching phonological Mr. Zhao Jin ruing, which is proposed foreign teaching Chinese, to simplify Voice teaching. In teaching principles, we should emphasize specific principles, instructional design based on students＇ different characteristics. In the teaching content, teaching should not only pay attention phonetic syllables within the system, but also more emphasis on syllables voice level teaching, especially teaching speech flow. In teaching methods, we should learn teaching, research tone, softly and so on.

Phonological Metaphors in Stylistics Analysis

Stylistics is the study of style. It is a branch of linguistics concerned with the study of characteristic choices in use of language, made by different individuals or social groups in different situations of use. According to Martin （1991）, grammatical metaphor is the process by which the meanings are multiply-coded at the level of grammar. Meaning variation represented by lexicogrammatical changes are metaphor, and meaning differences represented by sound system may also bring about metaphorical phenomenon. This paper seeks to explore the stylistic value of intonation metaphor in functional stylistics by analyzing the distribution of intonation metaphors in both public speeches and news reports.