有别于传统分布式系统,实时协同编辑系统强调自然和谐的人人交互和人机交互,允许不同地点的协同用户同时编辑同一共享对象.为了给协同用户提供良好的响应性,实时协同编辑系统有必要采用全复制式体系结构,但又给共享对象的一致性维护问...有别于传统分布式系统,实时协同编辑系统强调自然和谐的人人交互和人机交互,允许不同地点的协同用户同时编辑同一共享对象.为了给协同用户提供良好的响应性,实时协同编辑系统有必要采用全复制式体系结构,但又给共享对象的一致性维护问题带来巨大挑战,这一直是协同计算学科的研究热点.近年研究重点逐步从结果一致性发展到操作意图一致性.该文以操作意图一致性为主线,对支持操作意图一致性的实时协同编辑算法进行深入和全面的比较、分析和总结.首先,以Lamport事件偏序关系为起点,对协同编辑系统的因果关系、简单并发关系和偏并发关系概念进行整理.同时,给出实时协同编辑系统中全序关系的分类,操作的全序和操作对象的全序.在对全序关系和优先级进行剖析的基础上,阐述了实时协同编辑系统中的三类一致性模型:CC(Causality-preservation,Convergence)模型、CCI(Causality-preservation,Convergence,Intention-preservation)模型和CA(Causalitypreservation,Admissibility)模型.特别地,文中按照因果一致性、结果一致性和操作意图一致性的分类,给出操作意图一致性的维护路线图.然后,分别综述了各类实时协同编辑算法的研究进展和现状,包括OT(Operational Transformation)算法、AST(Address Space Transformation)算法和CRDT(Commutative Replicated Data Type)算法.进一步,文中给出了各类操作意图一致性算法的基本原理和执行框架,并基于一个代表性协同工作场景和算例对典型算法进行详细解析.接下来,文中从操作意图一致性、支持操作意图一致性的典型算法、操作转换函数和算法时间复杂度这4个关键方面对实时协同编辑算法进行归纳和对比.最后对全文小结,并指出为了进一步发展实时协同编辑系统,未来还需要在优先级策略、算法伸缩性、复杂操作语义类型、粗粒度操作对象以及选择性撤销机制等方面深入开展一些研究工作.展开更多
无冲突复制数据类型(conflict-free replicated data types,简称CRDT)是一种封装了冲突消解策略的分布式复制数据类型,它能够保证分布式系统中副本节点间的强最终一致性,即执行了相同更新操作的副本节点具有相同的状态.CRDT协议设计精巧...无冲突复制数据类型(conflict-free replicated data types,简称CRDT)是一种封装了冲突消解策略的分布式复制数据类型,它能够保证分布式系统中副本节点间的强最终一致性,即执行了相同更新操作的副本节点具有相同的状态.CRDT协议设计精巧,不易保证其正确性.旨在采用模型检验技术验证一系列CRDT协议的正确性.具体而言,构建了一个可复用的CRDT协议描述与验证框架,包括网络通信层、协议接口层、具体协议层与规约层.网络通信层描述副本节点之间的通信模型,实现了多种类型的通信网络.协议接口层为已知的CRDT协议(分为基于操作的协议与基于状态的协议)提供了统一的接口.在具体协议层,用户可以根据协议的需求选用合适的底层通信网络.规约层则描述了所有CRDT协议都需要满足的强最终一致性与最终可见性(所有的更新操作最终都会被所有的副本节点接收并处理).使用TLA+形式化规约语言实现了该框架,然后以Add-Wins Set复制数据类型为例,展示了如何使用框架描述具体协议,并使用TLC模型检验工具来验证协议的正确性.展开更多
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) hepatitis, initially termed non-A, non-B hepatitis, has become one of the leading causes of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma worldwide. With the help of animal models, our understanding o...Hepatitis C virus (HCV) hepatitis, initially termed non-A, non-B hepatitis, has become one of the leading causes of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma worldwide. With the help of animal models, our understanding of the virus has grown substantially from the time of initial discovery. There is a paucity of available animal models for the study of HCV, mainly because of the selective susceptibility limited to humans and primates. Recent work has focused modification of animals to permit HCV entry, replication and transmission. In this review, we highlight the currently available models for the study of HCV including chimpanzees, tupaia, mouse and rat models. Discussion will include methods of model design as well as the advantages and disadvantages of each model. Particular focus is dedicated to knowledge of pathophysiologic mechanisms of HCV infection that have been elucidated through animal studies. Research within animal models is critically important to establish a complete understanding of HCV infection, which will ultimately form the basis for future treatments and prevention of disease.展开更多
为高效地处理移动协同编辑中用户积累的大量本地操作,实现移动协同编辑系统的高响应性,提出一种支持序列转换的可交换复制数据类型(commutative replicated data type,CRDT)算法.首先,提出一个移动协同编辑的总体框架,支持多个移动终端...为高效地处理移动协同编辑中用户积累的大量本地操作,实现移动协同编辑系统的高响应性,提出一种支持序列转换的可交换复制数据类型(commutative replicated data type,CRDT)算法.首先,提出一个移动协同编辑的总体框架,支持多个移动终端离线或在线地协同编辑共享文档副本;然后,提出一个支持序列转换的移动协同编辑算法,可以实现离线操作中多个首尾连接的顺序插入操作的自动转换和操作效果的合并,维护移动协同编辑中共享文档副本的一致性.相关实验表明所提出的算法在响应性和功耗方面优于典型的一致性维护方法.展开更多
The generation and application of replication-competent influenza A virus （IAV） expressing a reporter gene represent a valuable tool to elucidate the mechanism of viral pathogenesis and establish new coun- termeasur...The generation and application of replication-competent influenza A virus （IAV） expressing a reporter gene represent a valuable tool to elucidate the mechanism of viral pathogenesis and establish new coun- termeasures to combat the threat of influenza. Here, replication-competent 1AVs with a neuraminidase （NA） segment harboring a fluorescent reporter protein, Venus, were generated in the background of H5N1, H7N9, and H9N2 influenza viruses, the three subtypes of viruses with imminent pandemic poten- tial. All three reporter viruses maintained virion morphology, replicated with similar or slightly reduced titers relative to their parental viruses, and stably expressed the fluorescent signal for at least two pas- sages in embryonated chicken eggs. As a proof of concept, we demonstrated that these reporter viruses, used in combination with a high-content imaging system, can serve as a convenient and rapid tool for the screening of antivirals and host factors involved in the virus life cycle. Moreover. the reporter viruses demonstrated similar growth properties and tissue tropism as their parental viruses in mice, among which the HTN9 NA-Venus virus could potentially be used in ex vivo studies to better understand H7N9 pathogenesis or to develop novel therapeutics.展开更多
文摘有别于传统分布式系统,实时协同编辑系统强调自然和谐的人人交互和人机交互,允许不同地点的协同用户同时编辑同一共享对象.为了给协同用户提供良好的响应性,实时协同编辑系统有必要采用全复制式体系结构,但又给共享对象的一致性维护问题带来巨大挑战,这一直是协同计算学科的研究热点.近年研究重点逐步从结果一致性发展到操作意图一致性.该文以操作意图一致性为主线,对支持操作意图一致性的实时协同编辑算法进行深入和全面的比较、分析和总结.首先,以Lamport事件偏序关系为起点,对协同编辑系统的因果关系、简单并发关系和偏并发关系概念进行整理.同时,给出实时协同编辑系统中全序关系的分类,操作的全序和操作对象的全序.在对全序关系和优先级进行剖析的基础上,阐述了实时协同编辑系统中的三类一致性模型:CC(Causality-preservation,Convergence)模型、CCI(Causality-preservation,Convergence,Intention-preservation)模型和CA(Causalitypreservation,Admissibility)模型.特别地,文中按照因果一致性、结果一致性和操作意图一致性的分类,给出操作意图一致性的维护路线图.然后,分别综述了各类实时协同编辑算法的研究进展和现状,包括OT(Operational Transformation)算法、AST(Address Space Transformation)算法和CRDT(Commutative Replicated Data Type)算法.进一步,文中给出了各类操作意图一致性算法的基本原理和执行框架,并基于一个代表性协同工作场景和算例对典型算法进行详细解析.接下来,文中从操作意图一致性、支持操作意图一致性的典型算法、操作转换函数和算法时间复杂度这4个关键方面对实时协同编辑算法进行归纳和对比.最后对全文小结,并指出为了进一步发展实时协同编辑系统,未来还需要在优先级策略、算法伸缩性、复杂操作语义类型、粗粒度操作对象以及选择性撤销机制等方面深入开展一些研究工作.
文摘无冲突复制数据类型(conflict-free replicated data types,简称CRDT)是一种封装了冲突消解策略的分布式复制数据类型,它能够保证分布式系统中副本节点间的强最终一致性,即执行了相同更新操作的副本节点具有相同的状态.CRDT协议设计精巧,不易保证其正确性.旨在采用模型检验技术验证一系列CRDT协议的正确性.具体而言,构建了一个可复用的CRDT协议描述与验证框架,包括网络通信层、协议接口层、具体协议层与规约层.网络通信层描述副本节点之间的通信模型,实现了多种类型的通信网络.协议接口层为已知的CRDT协议(分为基于操作的协议与基于状态的协议)提供了统一的接口.在具体协议层,用户可以根据协议的需求选用合适的底层通信网络.规约层则描述了所有CRDT协议都需要满足的强最终一致性与最终可见性(所有的更新操作最终都会被所有的副本节点接收并处理).使用TLA+形式化规约语言实现了该框架,然后以Add-Wins Set复制数据类型为例,展示了如何使用框架描述具体协议,并使用TLC模型检验工具来验证协议的正确性.
文摘Hepatitis C virus (HCV) hepatitis, initially termed non-A, non-B hepatitis, has become one of the leading causes of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma worldwide. With the help of animal models, our understanding of the virus has grown substantially from the time of initial discovery. There is a paucity of available animal models for the study of HCV, mainly because of the selective susceptibility limited to humans and primates. Recent work has focused modification of animals to permit HCV entry, replication and transmission. In this review, we highlight the currently available models for the study of HCV including chimpanzees, tupaia, mouse and rat models. Discussion will include methods of model design as well as the advantages and disadvantages of each model. Particular focus is dedicated to knowledge of pathophysiologic mechanisms of HCV infection that have been elucidated through animal studies. Research within animal models is critically important to establish a complete understanding of HCV infection, which will ultimately form the basis for future treatments and prevention of disease.
文摘为高效地处理移动协同编辑中用户积累的大量本地操作,实现移动协同编辑系统的高响应性,提出一种支持序列转换的可交换复制数据类型(commutative replicated data type,CRDT)算法.首先,提出一个移动协同编辑的总体框架,支持多个移动终端离线或在线地协同编辑共享文档副本;然后,提出一个支持序列转换的移动协同编辑算法,可以实现离线操作中多个首尾连接的顺序插入操作的自动转换和操作效果的合并,维护移动协同编辑中共享文档副本的一致性.相关实验表明所提出的算法在响应性和功耗方面优于典型的一致性维护方法.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31472215,31521005,31422054,31402206)the National Key R&D Program of China(2016YFD0500205)
文摘The generation and application of replication-competent influenza A virus （IAV） expressing a reporter gene represent a valuable tool to elucidate the mechanism of viral pathogenesis and establish new coun- termeasures to combat the threat of influenza. Here, replication-competent 1AVs with a neuraminidase （NA） segment harboring a fluorescent reporter protein, Venus, were generated in the background of H5N1, H7N9, and H9N2 influenza viruses, the three subtypes of viruses with imminent pandemic poten- tial. All three reporter viruses maintained virion morphology, replicated with similar or slightly reduced titers relative to their parental viruses, and stably expressed the fluorescent signal for at least two pas- sages in embryonated chicken eggs. As a proof of concept, we demonstrated that these reporter viruses, used in combination with a high-content imaging system, can serve as a convenient and rapid tool for the screening of antivirals and host factors involved in the virus life cycle. Moreover. the reporter viruses demonstrated similar growth properties and tissue tropism as their parental viruses in mice, among which the HTN9 NA-Venus virus could potentially be used in ex vivo studies to better understand H7N9 pathogenesis or to develop novel therapeutics.
