复合产出、废弃物交换追加成本与市场结构——基于企业个体行为选择的废弃物资源化经济学原理探析

废弃物处理是当前经济社会面临的重要课题。通过市场手段实现废弃物资源化是较为理想的途径。本文从微观企业视角出发,引入复合产出、废弃物交换追加成本的概念,运用微观经济学中的厂商均衡理论,解释生产过程中产生的废弃物资源化的基本原理,让市场说出生态真理,弥补了产业共生理论的经济学基础不足的缺陷。

深层碳酸盐岩储层泥砂产出与固体控制优化

碳酸盐岩储层原油储量巨大但开采过程中井壁坍塌和出泥砂严重,工程表象为岩块、岩屑及泥砂沉积在井筒内,砂埋产层影响油井产能。使用多功能驱替挡砂性能评价装置,精度为250、350、450及550μm的金属滤网切片及3口典型失稳井冲捞砂样,开展碳酸盐岩储层井壁坍塌与泥砂产出固体控制模拟试验,通过采集压差、流量等动态数据,定量评价挡砂介质的挡砂性及流通性,分析固体控制的可行性并进行精度优化。结果表明:利用精度250~550μm金属滤网阻挡中值粒径为289.5μm泥砂及岩屑/岩块和中值粒径为40.3μm的纯泥砂,挡砂介质的过砂率均小于12%,堵塞平衡渗透率均大于1.3μm^(2),针对碳酸盐岩失稳井进行固体控制可行;针对碳酸盐岩储层中值粒径为289.5μm的泥砂与岩屑/岩块复合产出,推荐控砂筛管的挡砂精度为0.5~0.6 mm,或在保证挡砂性能的前提下适当放宽筛管精度;针对碳酸盐岩储层中值粒径为40.3μm的纯泥砂产出,推荐挡砂精度为0.3~0.4 mm;针对碳酸盐岩储层的高产井,推荐进行适度携砂生产。

The flocculation efficiency of compound bioflocculant by flocculant-producing bacteria

The flucculation efficiency of compound bioflocculant produced by flocculant-producing bacteria was investigated in this study. Cheap cellulose was selected as the substrate for the production of a lower cost bioflocculant. The end product of cellulose decomposing bacteria was utilized as substrate for flocculant-producing bacteria. The optimum fermentation conditions were determined as follows： the initial fermentation and fermentation time was 5 d and 1 d respectively, the temperature was 30 ℃, the rotation speed was 120 r/min, the amount of CaCl2 solution （ 10% ） was 1.5 ml/L. The flocculation test indicated that the bioflocculant had high efficiency in the removal of the turbldity raw water from Songhua River.