Cold-formed steel structures are steel structure products constructed from sheets or coils using cold rolling, press brake or bending brake method. These structures are extensively employed in building construction in...Cold-formed steel structures are steel structure products constructed from sheets or coils using cold rolling, press brake or bending brake method. These structures are extensively employed in building construction industry due to their light mass, ductility by economic cold forming operations, favorable strength-to-mass ratio and other factors. The utilization of cold formed steel sections with concrete as composite can hugely reduce the construction cost. However, the use of cold formed steel members in composite concrete beams has been very limited. A comprehensive review of developments in composite beam with cold formed steel sections was introduced. It was revealed that employing cold-formed steel channel section to replace reinforcement bars in conventional reinforced concrete beam results in a significant cost reduction without reducing strength capacity. The use of composite beam consisting of cold-formed steel open or close box and filled concrete could also reduce construction cost. Lighter composite girder for bridges with cold-formed steel of U section was introduced. Moreover, types of shear connectors to provide composite action between cold-formed steel beam and concrete slab were presented. However, further studies to investigate the effects of metal decking on the behavior of composite beam with cold-formed steel section and introduction of ductile shear connectors were recommended.展开更多
Main goal of this paper is to discuss specific problem which is occurring during the creation of modem complex soRware systems, particularly at the design stage. Many of modem architectural styles are promoting buildi...Main goal of this paper is to discuss specific problem which is occurring during the creation of modem complex soRware systems, particularly at the design stage. Many of modem architectural styles are promoting building composite software systems compounded with reusable and flexible units. Because of high speed of contemporary software system evolution which is related to initial process changes, it is very significant to have ability to do related refactoring tasks. Sometimes, when structure if software system is monolithic, modification process takes a long time and in worse cases it is impossible. On the other hand flexible composite systems are easy to govern. Our work is related to complex process decomposition into small simple sub-processes at the architectural level of designing stage.展开更多
Reliability-based hybrid automatic repeat request （HARQ） （RB-HARQ） is a recently developed form of incremental-redundancy ARQ. It achieves good performance whereas large retransmission request packets should be fe...Reliability-based hybrid automatic repeat request （HARQ） （RB-HARQ） is a recently developed form of incremental-redundancy ARQ. It achieves good performance whereas large retransmission request packets should be fed back. In this paper, in order to reduce the number of the fed back bits, we propose a HARQ scheme applied in time duplex division orthogonal frequency division multiplexing （TDD- OFI）M） system over the slow fading channel which is named channel-based HARQ （CB-HARQ）. Because one bit which meets deep fading is always with small value of log likelihood ratio （LLR） during the process of decoding of LDPC code, the bits transmitted on the carrier with deep fading are retransmitted. At the receiver, the decoder will compute the locations of retransmission bits according to the channel fading values which are gotten by utilizing the feature of channel symmetry in TDD mode. So the indices of retransmission bits are avoided to be transmitted. Simulation results show that this method achieves better BER performance and requires much smaller request packets in feedback link.展开更多
文摘Cold-formed steel structures are steel structure products constructed from sheets or coils using cold rolling, press brake or bending brake method. These structures are extensively employed in building construction industry due to their light mass, ductility by economic cold forming operations, favorable strength-to-mass ratio and other factors. The utilization of cold formed steel sections with concrete as composite can hugely reduce the construction cost. However, the use of cold formed steel members in composite concrete beams has been very limited. A comprehensive review of developments in composite beam with cold formed steel sections was introduced. It was revealed that employing cold-formed steel channel section to replace reinforcement bars in conventional reinforced concrete beam results in a significant cost reduction without reducing strength capacity. The use of composite beam consisting of cold-formed steel open or close box and filled concrete could also reduce construction cost. Lighter composite girder for bridges with cold-formed steel of U section was introduced. Moreover, types of shear connectors to provide composite action between cold-formed steel beam and concrete slab were presented. However, further studies to investigate the effects of metal decking on the behavior of composite beam with cold-formed steel section and introduction of ductile shear connectors were recommended.
文摘Main goal of this paper is to discuss specific problem which is occurring during the creation of modem complex soRware systems, particularly at the design stage. Many of modem architectural styles are promoting building composite software systems compounded with reusable and flexible units. Because of high speed of contemporary software system evolution which is related to initial process changes, it is very significant to have ability to do related refactoring tasks. Sometimes, when structure if software system is monolithic, modification process takes a long time and in worse cases it is impossible. On the other hand flexible composite systems are easy to govern. Our work is related to complex process decomposition into small simple sub-processes at the architectural level of designing stage.
基金the National High Technology Research and Development Programme of China(No.2003AA12331004)
文摘Reliability-based hybrid automatic repeat request （HARQ） （RB-HARQ） is a recently developed form of incremental-redundancy ARQ. It achieves good performance whereas large retransmission request packets should be fed back. In this paper, in order to reduce the number of the fed back bits, we propose a HARQ scheme applied in time duplex division orthogonal frequency division multiplexing （TDD- OFI）M） system over the slow fading channel which is named channel-based HARQ （CB-HARQ）. Because one bit which meets deep fading is always with small value of log likelihood ratio （LLR） during the process of decoding of LDPC code, the bits transmitted on the carrier with deep fading are retransmitted. At the receiver, the decoder will compute the locations of retransmission bits according to the channel fading values which are gotten by utilizing the feature of channel symmetry in TDD mode. So the indices of retransmission bits are avoided to be transmitted. Simulation results show that this method achieves better BER performance and requires much smaller request packets in feedback link.
