纳观界面应力集中对复合晶粒断裂应力的影响

为了准确分析纤维增强复合陶瓷内复合晶粒力学性能,提出了一种考虑纳观界面应力集中效应的复合晶粒强度预测方法.基于纤维增强复合陶瓷的显微结构特征,考虑纳米纤维间的相互作用,应用有效自洽法确定纳观界面模型的有效应力场;假设纳观界面处基体和纤维间的应力和位移均连续,利用叠加法将单向拉伸应力状态分解为双向均匀拉伸状态和纯剪切应力状态的组合,根据纤维增强复合陶瓷承受横向载荷的位移函数得到纳观界面附近基体和纤维的位移场和应力场,并计算了纳观界面产生的应力集中因子,综合考虑了复合晶粒内纳观界面和位错塞积相互作用导致的应力集中效应,建立了纤维增强复合陶瓷中复合晶粒的断裂应力预报模型.分析了增强纤维半径和体积分数对复合晶粒断裂应力的影响,结果表明:增强纤维半径越小,断裂应力越大,复合晶粒强度越高,且增强纤维半径大于50 nm后,半径大小对复合晶粒断裂应力影响较小;纤维体积分数越大,断裂应力越小,复合晶粒越易发生破坏.

Cr_(3)C_(2)/VC复合抑制剂比例对WC-10%Co超细晶硬质合金微观结构和力学性能的影响

本文以WC-10%Co为研究对象,添加质量分数1.0%的Cr_(3)C_(2)/VC复合抑制剂,在1410℃下烧结1 h,制备了WC-10%Co-Cr_(3)C_(2)/VC超细晶硬质合金,研究了Cr_(3)C_(2)/VC复合抑制剂比例对物相组成、WC晶粒尺寸和粒度分布、WC三维形貌及力学性能的影响。结果表明:随Cr_(3)C_(2)含量的减少和VC含量的增加,WC平均晶粒尺寸先快速后缓慢减小,WC粒度分布不断变窄;WC形貌由三棱柱向台阶三棱柱转变,WC(0001)晶面上的台阶数量不断增加,这些台阶会显著降低合金的断裂韧性和抗弯强度;WC-10%CoCr_(3)C_(2)/VC超细晶硬质合金的硬度先快速后缓慢增加,而断裂韧性和抗弯强度先快速后缓慢降低;当w(Cr_(3)C_(2))∶w(VC)=4∶1时,WC-10%Co-0.8%Cr_(3)C_(2)-0.2%VC硬质合金具有最优的综合性能,其维氏硬度、断裂韧性和抗弯强度分别为17.05 GPa、9.26 MPa·m^(1/2)和3650 MPa。

超细晶TiC/不锈钢复合材料摩擦磨损性能研究

采用机械合金化(MA)结合放电等离子体烧结技术(SPS)制备了超细晶粒不锈钢和超细晶粒TiC/不锈钢复合材料,研究了316不锈钢原材、超细晶不锈钢和超细晶TiC/不锈钢复合材料的摩擦磨损性能。与316不锈钢原材料相比,超细晶不锈钢和超细晶TiC/不锈钢复合材料的耐磨损性能均明显提高,磨损率分别降低了24.1%和42.3%。316不锈钢原材的磨损主要以粘着磨损为主;超细晶不锈钢的磨损机制主要以磨料磨损为主,粘着磨损为辅;超细晶TiC/不锈钢复合材料的磨损以疲劳磨损为主。

复合添加晶粒长大抑制剂对WC-Co复合粉烧结硬质合金的影响

在超细WC-Co复合粉中复合添加不同含量的晶粒长大抑制剂VC和Cr3C2,利用X射线衍射仪分析粉末及硬质合金的物相组成,通过扫描电镜和透射电镜观察硬质合金的形貌,研究不同含量的晶粒长大抑制剂对硬质合金的显微组织和力学性能影响规律。结果表明:随着晶粒长大抑制剂的增加,晶粒异常长大现象消失,晶粒细小均匀;同时发现在WC-Co复合粉中VC的增加可以快速提高硬质合金的硬度,而适量的Cr3C2可以有效提高硬质合金的横向断裂强度。

复合添加晶粒长大抑制剂对WC-12Co超细晶硬质合金涂层性能的影响

利用真空原位还原碳化反应合成超细WC-12Co复合粉末,通过复合添加不同含量的晶粒长大抑制剂VC和Cr_3C_2,经团聚造粒获得喷涂用复合粉末喂料,采用超音速火焰(HVOF)喷涂系统制备WC-12Co涂层。利用X射线衍射和扫描电镜对涂层的物相、显微组织结构等进行了系统表征,并对涂层耐磨性进行了测试分析。结果表明:WC-12Co涂层中WC晶粒的平均尺寸,随着晶粒长大抑制剂的增加而减小,且抑制剂的添加使涂层的摩擦系数降低;当复合添加抑制剂总含量(质量分数)为1.0%时,WC-12Co涂层的显微硬度(HV_(0.3))达到最大值13 670 MPa,且涂层的磨损速率最低;随抑制剂含量进一步增加,WC-12Co涂层的显微硬度逐渐降低,磨损速率增加,涂层的耐磨性降低。

Effect of nano TiN/Ti refiner on as-cast and hot-working microstructure of commercial purity aluminum

A novel type nano TiN/Ti composite grain refiner （TiN/Ti refiner） was prepared by high energy ball milling, and its effect on as-cast and hot-working microstructure of commercial purity aluminum （pure Al） was investigated. The results show that TiN/Ti refiner exhibits excellent grain refining performances on pure Al. With an addition of 0.2% TiN/Ti refiner, the average grain size of pure Al decreases to 82 μm, which is smaller than that of pure Ti and Al 5Ti 1B master alloy as refiners. The microstructure of weld joint of pure Al with 0.1% TiN/Ti refiner is fine equiaxed grains and the hardness of weld joint is higher than that of the base metal. For pure Al with 40% cold deformation and recrystallization at 250 °C for 1.0 h, the grains of the sample added 0.1% Ti powder have an obvious grain growth behavior. In contrast, oriented grains caused by deformation have been eliminated, and there is no obvious grain growth in pure Al refined with 0.1% TiN/Ti refiner, indicating that nano TiN in the refiner inhibits the growth of grain during recrystallization.

TiO_2-SnO_2纳米晶膜紫外光照下对臭氧气敏性能的研究

以低温水热法制备了TiO2-SnO2复合纳米晶粒,采用提拉法涂敷于带有金电极的氧化铝陶瓷管表面形成敏感薄膜,设计了一种新型薄膜式臭氧传感器。采用 X 射线衍射仪、热场发射扫描电子显微镜、能量色散X 射线谱仪和紫外-可见光谱能谱仪,表征了TiO2-SnO2纳米晶粒的晶体结构和微观形貌。采用紫外-可见吸收光谱法和电化学方法,讨论了TiO2-SnO2纳米晶粒对臭氧敏感机理与光电化学特性。在气体传感器静态测试系统上,采用XEDWS-60A型气敏元件分析仪测试了紫外光下臭氧传感器敏感特性、动态响应、抗干扰和稳定性。结果表明,以Ti与Sn摩尔比为6的TiO2-SnO2纳米晶粒为敏感薄膜的臭氧传感器,在相对湿度为40%和温度为25℃条件下,臭氧浓度为0.1~1.8μg/L时,有、无紫外光照射的臭氧传感器线性度分别为97.5%和78.5%,动态响应分别为2和9 s,恢复时间分别为5.5和15 s。此传感器对CO、NOx、甲醛、丙酮、丁醇和甲醇等气体具有良好的抗干扰性能。在汽车上连续使用12个月后,响应衰减了4.7%,响应正常时间为8.5个月。

Grain size effect on cyclic oxidation of(TiB_2+TiC)/Ni_3Al composites

（TiB2＋TiC）/Ni3Al composites were prepared by mechanical alloying of elemental powders and subsequently spark plasma sintering.Microstructure of（TiB2＋TiC）/Ni3Al composite sintered at 950°C was finer than that of composite sintered at 1050°C.The influence of grain size on cyclic oxidation behavior was investigated.Cyclic oxidation results showed that the composite sintered at 950°C had smaller mass gains than the composite sintered at 1050°C.XRD and EDS results indicate that finer grain size is beneficial for increasing the oxidation resistance by improving the formation of a continuous TiO2 outer layer and a continuous Al2O3 inner layer on the surface of the composites sintered at 950°C.

新型微晶刚玉陶瓷的研制

叙述了微晶刚玉陶瓷材料的研制过程和方法。实践证明，突破晶粒细化剂、超细粉料和特殊烧成三大技术关键问题，方可获得成功。

Effect of ultrasonic on morphology of primary Mg_2Si in in-situ Mg_2Si/Al composite

Effects of ultrasonic on morphologies of primary Mg2Si crystals in in-situ Mg2Si/A1 composite were investigated by metallographic microscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy. The results show that the mean grain size of primary MgESi crystals is refined from 150 to 20 μm by high intensity ultrasonic, and the morphologies of primary MgESi crystals are changed as well. Optical microscopy reveals that primary MgESi crystals without ultrasonic vibration exhibit coarse particles with cavities, in which eutectic structures grow. However, primary Mg2Si crystals with ultrasonic vibration appear fine grains without any cavity. Three-dimensional morphologies of primary Mg2Si without ultrasonic vibration display octahedron and tetrakaidecahedron with hopper-like hole in the crystals. After ultrasonic vibration, primary Mg2Si particles become solid crystals with rounded comers and edges.

Fabrication and application of nano/microcrystalline composite diamond coated drawing dies using alternative carbon sources

Nano/microcrystalline composite diamond films were deposited on the holes of WC-6%Co drawing dies by a two-step procedure using alternative carbon sources, i.e., methane for the microcrystalline diamond（MCD） layer and acetone for the nanocrystalline diamond（NCD） layer. Moreover, the monolayer methane-MCD and acetone-NCD coated drawing dies were fabricated as comparisons. The adhesion and wear rates of the diamond coated drawing dies were also tested by an inner hole polishing apparatus. Compared with mono-layer diamond coated drawing die, the composite diamond coated one exhibits better comprehensive performance, including higher adhesive strength and better wear resistance than the NCD one, and smoother surface（Ra=65.3 nm） than the MCD one（Ra=95.6 nm） after polishing at the same time. Compared with the NCD coated drawing die, the working lifetime of the composite diamond coated one is increased by nearly 20 times.

Strategies to suppress grain growth of nanocrystalline aluminum

The grain growth behaviors of nanocrystalline aluminum, alloy and composite are compared. First, nanocrystalline aluminum is fabricated by consolidation of ball-milled powder. Second, nanocrystalline aluminum alloy is designed to have elements such as Mn, Zr, and Misch metals, which can form thermally stable second phases at grain boundaries and also drag the movement of grain boundaries. Third, nanocrystalline aluminum-based composites containing multi-walled carbon nanotubes(MWCNTs) are also prepared because MWCNTs are expected to be located at grain boundaries and to suppress the grain growth of nanocrystalline aluminum. These three types of samples are annealed at 550 °C for up to 5 d and the effect of annealing time on Vickers hardness of the samples is compared. As a result, MWCNTs are found to be most effective to impede grain growth of nanocrystalline aluminum.

Microstructure of aluminum/copper clad composite fabricated by casting-cold extrusion forming

An aluminum/copper clad composite was fabricated by the casting-cold extrusion forming technology and the microstructures of the products were observed and analyzed.It is found that aluminum grains at the interface are refined in the radial profiles of cone-shaped deformation zone,but the grains in the center maintain the original state and the grain size is non-uniform.A clear boundary presents between the refined area and center area.In contrast,the copper grains in the radial profiles have been significantly refined.In the center area of the copper,the grains are bigger than those at the boundary.On the surface of the deformable body,the grain size is the smallest,but with irregular grain morphology.After the product is entirely extruded,all the copper and aluminum grains are refined with small and uniform morphology.In the center area,the average diameter of aluminum grains is smaller than 5 μm,and the copper grain on the surface is about 10 μm.At the interface,the grain size is very small,with a good combination of copper and aluminum.The thickness of interface is in the range of 10-15 μm.Energy spectrum analysis shows that CuAl3 phase presents at the interface.

Modeling of material deformation behavior in micro-forming under consideration of individual grain heterogeneity

This study aims to develop a model to characterize the inhomogeneous material deformation behavior in micro-forming.First,the influence of individual grain heterogeneity on the deformation behavior of CuZn20 foils was investigated via tensile and micro-hardness tests.The results showed that different from thick sheets,the hardening behavior of grains in the deformation area of thin foils is not uniform.The flow stress of thin foils actually only reflects the average hardening behavior of several easy-deformation-grains,which is the reason that thinner foils own smaller flow stress.Then,a composite modeling method under consideration of individual grain heterogeneity was developed,where the effects of grain orientation and shape are quantitatively represented by the method of flow stress classification and Voronoi tessellation,respectively.This model provides an accurate and effective method to analyze the influence of individual grain heterogeneity on the deformation behavior of the micro-sized material.

Crystallization characteristics of Ni-W-P composite coatings reinforced by CeO_2 and SiO_2 nano-particles

Ni-W-P composite coatings reinforced by Ce O2 and Si O2 nano-particles on the surface of common carbon steels, were prepared by double pulse electrodeposition. The crystallization course was characterized by phase structures, crystallinity, grain sizes and microstructures. The results indicate that as-deposited composite coating is amorphous. Whereas it turns into the crystalline structure with 98.25% crystallinity, and Ni3 P, Ni2 P and Ni5P2 alloy phases precipitate from structures at 400 °C. Thereafter, Ni2 P and Ni5P2 metastable alloy phases turn into Ni3 P stable alloy phase at 500 °C. The crystallization course of the composite coating has finished when being heat-treated at 700 °C. The average sizes of Ni grains increase with the rise of heat treatment temperature from400 °C to 700 °C. Ce O2 and Si O2 nano-particles deposited into Ni-W-P alloys can delay the crystallization course and habit the growth of alloy phases.

Effects of co-precipitation temperature on structure and properties of La and Y doped cerium zirconium mixed oxides

Due to the oxygen storage and release properties,cerium zirconium mixed oxides are recognized as the key material in automotive three-way catalysts.To reveal the effects of co-precipitation temperature on structure,physical and chemical properties of multi-doped cerium zirconium mixed oxides,a series of La and Y doped cerium zirconium mixed oxides(CZLYs)were synthesized via a co-precipitation method,and the physical and chemical properties of CZLYs were systemically characterized by XRD,N_(2) adsorption−desorption,TEM,XPS,oxygen storage capacity(OSC)and hydrogen temperature programmed reduction(H_(2)-TPR).The results show that co-precipitation temperature is an important parameter to influence the crystal size,oxygen storage capacity and thermal stability of CZLYs.When the co-precipitation temperature was 60℃,the best redox properties and thermal stability of CZLYs were obtained.After thermal treatment at 1100℃for 10 h,the specific surface area and oxygen storage capacity of the corresponding aged sample were 15.42 m^(2)/g and 497.7μmol/g,respectively.In addition,a mechanism was proposed to reveal the effects of co-precipitation temperature on the structure and properties of CZLYs.

Formation of crystalline particles from phase change emulsion： Influence of different parameters

Solidification or crystallization of phase change emulsion in the form of fine emulsion drops in a direct contact coolant at temperatures below their freezing point was studied. This work is mainly focused on the size and shape of the generated partides from phase change emulsified fats. Size of the particles is the major or key factor being considered during their formation, however, other factors that govern the particle size and shape were also observed. The operating parameters of the process were optimized in order to obtain particles of smaller size ranges in the window of current operating conditions. The crystallization of complex emulsion maffices is very difficult to control in the bulk at desired requirement. Hence, the emulsion drop to particle formation has advan- tage in comparison with the bulk solidification or crystallization. The main objective of this work is to achieve spherical emulsion particles in a direct contact cooling system. Parameters like： stat）ility, characterization, viscos- ity, and the effect of different energy inputs were examined. Moreover, the effects of the capillary size, interracial tension, temperature of the emulsion on the particle size were also monitrored.

Effects of RE and Sr additions on dendrite growth and phase precipitation in AZ91D magnesium alloy

To develop AZ91D alloys with fine microstructure, effects of the addition of rare earth (RE), Sr and RE + Sr on the dendrite growth and phase precipitation in AZ91D magnesium alloy were studied, respectively. The results show that the microstructure is refined and the morphology of β-Mg17A112 phase is modified with RE or Sr addition, especially with the RE+Sr composite addition which can reduce the average grain size of AZ91D alloy obviously to 141 μm. The needle-like or block-like new phases adhering to β-Mg17A112 phase form at interdendrites during solidification. The enrichment of RE or/and Sr elements in front of the solidification interface, especially at the tips of α-Mg dendrite, which restricts the growth of α-Mg dendrite, changes the preferential growth of α-Mg and finally results in the grain refinement and the blunting of α-Mg dendrite.

Biomimetic Method Synthesis of HgS/Polyurethane Composite Film and Its Sensing Properties to Ba2＋

Polyurethane-conjugated HgS nanocrystals with tunable sizes prepared by using biomimetic method. The obtained HgS nanoparticles with good dispersibility were characterized by Fourier transform infrared. Scanning electron microscopy are used to envisage the binding of nanoparticles with functional groups. The polyurethane molecules can control nucleation and growth of HgS crystals by binding on the surface of nanocrystals to stabilize nanoparticles. Quantum confinement effect of polyurethane-conjugated HgS nanocrystals was confirmed by UV-Vis spectra. The nanoparticles exhibit a well-defined emission feature at about 291 nm. The fluorescence results reveal that the PU/HgS nanoparticles film is sensitive to Ba2＋, and a small amount of Ba2＋ makes the emissions increase rapidly. The emission is hardly affected by other common ions in water. The nanocomposite film is possible to become a special sensor material for Ba2＋.

累积轧制Ti/Al复合材料的微观结构演变和力学性能研究

用累积轧制法成功制备了平均晶粒尺寸为200—300 nm的超细等轴晶Ti/Al多层复合材料.研究了Ti/Al多层复合材料的微结构变化和力学性能.